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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Intact DNA strands can be found in fossils, while scientists sometimes struggle to keep RNA intact under laboratory conditions. The structural variations between RNA and DNA underlie the differences in their stability and longevity. Because DNA is double-stranded, it is inherently more stable. The single-stranded structure of RNA is less stable but also more flexible and can form weak internal bonds. Additionally, most RNAs in the cell are relatively short, while DNA can be up to 250 million...
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α,β-Unsaturated carbonyl compounds with two electrophilic sites, the carbonyl carbon, and the β carbon, are susceptible to nucleophilic attack via two modes: conjugate or 1,4-addition and direct or 1,2-addition.
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Compared with pure water, the solubility of an ionic compound is less in aqueous solutions containing a common ion (one also produced by dissolution of the ionic compound). This is an example of a phenomenon known as the common ion effect, which is a consequence of the law of mass action that may be explained using Le Châtelier’s principle. Consider the dissolution of silver iodide:
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The movement of ions like sodium, potassium, and calcium into and out of the cell is essential to maintain the electrochemical gradient in living cells. The ion channels—a class of membrane transport proteins—help maintain this ionic gradient for the smooth functioning of physiological activities such as maintaining cell size and volume, conducting nerve impulses, and gas and nutrient exchange.
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Single Additive with Dual Functional-Ions for Stabilizing Lithium Anodes.

Yan Ouyang1,2, Yanpeng Guo1,2, Dian Li1,2

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Material Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering , Huazhong University of Science and Technology (HUST) , Wuhan 430074 , Hubei , PR China.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces
|February 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Magnesium chloride additive stabilizes lithium anodes by forming a protective interface, reducing side reactions and improving lithium deposition for better battery performance.

Keywords:
electrolyte additivelithium anode stabilitylithium metal batterymagnesium halide salts

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Battery Technology

Background:

  • Dendritic lithium formation and side reactions limit lithium anode application in high-energy density batteries, especially with carbonate electrolytes.
  • Improving the lithium anode surface is crucial for stable lithium deposition and enhanced cycling of lithium metal batteries.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate magnesium chloride as a novel additive for in situ surface modification of lithium anodes in carbonate electrolytes.
  • To elucidate the roles of Cl- and Mg2+ in forming a stable electrode/electrolyte interface and improving Li+ diffusion.

Main Methods:

  • In situ reaction of magnesium chloride with the lithium anode surface.
  • Electrochemical testing of Li/Cu asymmetrical cells and Li/Li symmetrical cells.
  • Evaluation of Li/Li4T5O12 full cells for cycling performance.

Main Results:

  • Magnesium chloride additive successfully modifies the lithium anode surface, forming a stable interface.
  • The interface, containing LiCl and Mg, reduces side reactions, lowers interphase resistance, and promotes uniform Li+ diffusion.
  • Reversible lithium utilization in Li/Cu cells improved by 10%, and polarization in Li/Li cells was significantly reduced.

Conclusions:

  • Magnesium chloride is an effective additive for stabilizing lithium anodes in carbonate electrolytes.
  • The modified interface enhances lithium deposition and cycling stability, paving the way for high-energy density lithium metal batteries.