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Related Concept Videos

ATP and Energy Production01:23

ATP and Energy Production

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Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a critical molecule that functions as the main energy carrier in cells. Structurally, ATP consists of an adenosine molecule—comprising adenine and ribose—bonded to three phosphate groups. The high-energy bonds between these phosphate groups store significant amounts of potential energy. This energy is released during hydrolysis, wherein ATP is converted to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) or adenosine monophosphate (AMP), driving a variety of essential...
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What is Metabolism?00:52

What is Metabolism?

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Overview
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ATP Yield01:31

ATP Yield

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Cellular respiration produces 30 - 32 ATP per glucose molecule. Although most of the ATP results from oxidative phosphorylation and the electron transport chain (ETC), 4 ATP are gained beforehand (2 from glycolysis and 2 from the citric acid cycle).
The ETC is embedded in the inner mitochondrial membrane and is comprised of four main protein complexes and an ATP synthase. NADH and FADH2 pass electrons to these complexes, which pump protons into the intermembrane space. This distribution of...
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Basic Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory: Particle Size, Energy, and Collision02:43

Basic Postulates of Kinetic Molecular Theory: Particle Size, Energy, and Collision

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The ideal-gas equation, which is empirical, describes the behavior of gases by establishing relationships between their macroscopic properties. For example, Charles’ law states that volume and temperature are directly related. Gases, therefore, expand when heated at constant pressure. Although gas laws explain how the macroscopic properties change relative to one another, it does not explain the rationale behind it.
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ATP Energy Storage and Release01:31

ATP Energy Storage and Release

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ATP is a highly unstable molecule. Unless quickly used to perform work, ATP spontaneously dissociates into ADP and inorganic phosphate (Pi), and the free energy released during this process is lost as heat. The energy released by ATP hydrolysis is used to perform work inside the cell and depends on a strategy called energy coupling. Cells couple the exergonic reaction of ATP hydrolysis with endergonic reactions, allowing them to proceed.
One example of energy coupling using ATP involves a...
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Hydrolysis of ATP01:08

Hydrolysis of ATP

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The bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) can be broken through the addition of water, releasing one or two phosphate groups in an exergonic process called hydrolysis. This reaction liberates the energy in the bonds for use in the cell—for instance, to synthesize proteins from amino acids.
If one phosphate group is removed, a molecule of ADP—adenosine diphosphate—remains, along with inorganic phosphate. ADP can be further hydrolyzed to AMP—adenosine...
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Exposure to ambient fine particles causes abnormal energy metabolism and ATP decrease in lung tissues.

Xiaoting Jin1, Huilan Su1, Guobin Ding2

  • 1Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China.

Chemosphere
|February 27, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Exposure to seasonal fine particulate matter (PM2.5) reduces lung adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production. This air pollution causes metabolic rewiring from the TCA cycle to glycolysis, impacting lung health.

Keywords:
ATPGlycolysisMetabolic rewiringPM(2.5)TCA cycle

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Health
  • Toxicology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Airborne fine particles (PM2.5) pose lung health risks, but toxicological data is insufficient.
  • Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is crucial for lung structure and function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate alterations in lung ATP production and energy metabolism due to seasonal PM2.5 exposure in rats.
  • Elucidate the toxicological mechanisms of particulate air pollution on lung health.

Main Methods:

  • Rats were exposed to varying dosages of seasonal PM2.5.
  • Assessed ATP production, TCA cycle enzyme activities (malate dehydrogenase, citrate synthase), mitochondrial gene expression, and glycolytic markers (metabolites, enzyme activities, mRNA levels).

Main Results:

  • PM2.5 exposure significantly reduced ATP production in rat lungs.
  • Activity of TCA cycle enzymes and expression of mitochondrial respiration genes were attenuated.
  • Glycolytic markers, including pyruvate, lactic acid, hexokinase, pyruvate kinase, and LDH, were prominently augmented.

Conclusions:

  • Sub-chronic PM2.5 exposure leads to decreased ATP generation and a metabolic shift from the TCA cycle to glycolysis in the lungs.
  • Findings enhance understanding of lung disease mechanisms caused by particulate air pollution.