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An object falling without any air resistance under the influence of gravitational force is said to be in free-fall. For free-falling bodies, the acceleration due to gravity is constant, irrespective of their mass. Free-fall is experienced not only by objects falling downward, but also by all objects whose motion is influenced by gravitational force alone. The dynamics of free-fall motion can be calculated using kinematic equations of motion, since free-fall acceleration is constant.
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Ladder diagrams are useful for evaluating equilibria involving metal-ligand complexes. The vertical scale of the ladder diagram represents the concentration of unreacted or free ligand, pL. The horizontal lines on the scale depict the log of stepwise formation constants for metal-ligand complexes and indicate the dominant species in all the regions.
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All objects, neglecting air resistance, fall with the same acceleration towards the Earth's center due to the force exerted by the Earth's gravity. This experimentally determined fact is unexpected because we are so accustomed to the effects of air resistance and friction that we expect light objects to fall slower than heavier ones. People believed that a heavier object had a greater acceleration when falling until Galileo Galilei (1564–1642) proved otherwise. We now know this is...
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Ladder Diagrams: Redox Equilibria01:30

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Ladder diagrams are useful tools for understanding redox equilibrium reactions, especially the effects of concentration changes on the electrochemical potential of the reaction. The vertical axis in the redox ladder diagrams represents the electrochemical potential, E. The area of predominance is demarcated using the Nernst equation.
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Understanding the chemistry between the reagents is necessary for performing any experiment. To this end, scientists have designed a tool called a ladder diagram, which is a graphical representation that helps illustrate the chemistry of a system.
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Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

The Ladder Rung Walking Task: A Scoring System and its Practical Application.
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Back stabber: ladder fall causing traumatic aortic transection.

Babatunde A Yerokun1, Jatin Anand1, Richard L McCann2

  • 11 Department of Surgery, Division of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.

Asian Cardiovascular & Thoracic Annals
|February 28, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

A fall caused thoracic vertebral slippage (anterolisthesis) and aortic wall injury in a 68-year-old man. Successful treatment involved thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR) and spinal fusion.

Keywords:
Aortic ruptureWounds and injuriesblood vessel prosthesis implantationspinal injurieswounds and injuries

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Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic Surgery
  • Vascular Surgery
  • Trauma Care

Background:

  • Spinal injuries can lead to complex vascular complications.
  • Anterolisthesis, or vertebral slippage, requires careful evaluation for associated injuries.

Observation:

  • A 68-year-old male experienced back pain post-fall from a ladder.
  • Imaging revealed anterolisthesis of thoracic vertebrae T11-12.
  • A secondary focal aortic injury with aortic wall disruption was identified.

Findings:

  • The aortic injury was successfully treated with thoracic endovascular aortic repair (TEVAR).
  • Subsequent spinal fusion stabilized the T11-12 vertebrae.
  • The patient achieved an excellent outcome following the combined surgical approach.

Implications:

  • This case highlights the importance of assessing for vascular injury in spinal trauma.
  • TEVAR offers a minimally invasive option for managing traumatic aortic injuries.
  • Combined spinal and vascular repair can yield favorable results in complex trauma cases.