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Composition of Blood

Composition of Blood

The blood in our bodies comprises three major components: blood plasma, formed elements, and the extracellular matrix. Blood plasma is a yellowish fluid that constitutes 55% of the total blood volume. It is primarily made up of water and essential substances such as electrolytes and proteins. Blood plasma serves as a medium for transporting blood cells and also contains nutrients, enzymes, hormones, antibodies, and gases.
Formed elements constitute the remaining 45% of the blood volume. These...

Blood Flow

Blood Flow

Blood is pumped by the heart into the aorta, the largest artery in the body, and then into increasingly smaller arteries, arterioles, and capillaries. The velocity of blood flow decreases with increased cross-sectional blood vessel area. As blood returns to the heart through venules and veins, its velocity increases. The movement of blood is encouraged by smooth muscle in the vessel walls, the movement of skeletal muscle surrounding the vessels, and one-way valves that prevent backflow.

Blood Types

Blood Types

Human blood is classified into different types based on the presence of antigens on the red blood cell's surface and antibodies in the plasma. Proper identification of blood type is essential for successful blood transfusion. The International Society of Blood Transfusion has identified 38 human blood types based on the surface antigens on the red blood cells. The most common types are ABO, Rh, and MNS blood types.
ABO blood group
ABO antigens are glycoproteins encoded by genes present on...

Blood Pressure

Blood Pressure

The movement of blood in a human body, commonly referred to as blood flow, is determined by the volume of blood that traverses a certain section of the bodily system per unit time. It is the rhythmic contraction of the heart's ventricles that primarily instigates this movement. As the ventricles contract, blood is forced into the prominent arteries, which then flow from areas of greater pressure to lower pressure areas. This movement continues into smaller arteries and arterioles and...

Blood Pressure

Blood Pressure

Blood pressure (BP) is the pressure or force of blood exerted on the artery's walls as it circulates through the body. It is essential for maintaining blood flow throughout the body.
The average BP in an adult is typically around 120/80 mmHg (millimeters of mercury). In this measurement, the numerator (120) indicates the systolic pressure, which is the pressure in the arteries during the contraction of the heart's ventricles as blood is expelled. The denominator (80) represents the...

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO Blood Group

The ABO blood group system is a critical element of transfusion medicine, essential for determining blood compatibility in transfusions and organ transplants. It is based on specific antigens, or agglutinogens, present on the surface of red blood cells (RBCs) and corresponding antibodies, or agglutinins, in the blood plasma.
Antigens in the ABO Blood Group System
Antigens are substances that can trigger an immune response, leading to the production of antibodies. In the ABO blood group system,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Genotyping of Sea Anemone during Early Development

Genotyping of Sea Anemone during Early Development

Published on: May 13, 2019

Blood group genotyping.

Connie M Westhoff¹

¹Laboratory of Immunohematology and Genomics, New York Blood Center, New York, NY.

|February 28, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Genomics revolutionizes transfusion medicine by enabling DNA-based blood group genotyping. This advanced method improves donor-recipient matching, identifies antibodies, and is crucial for personalized transfusion therapies.

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Area of Science:

Genomics and Medicine
Transfusion Medicine
Immunogenetics

Background:

Traditional serological methods for blood group typing have limitations.
Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) are key to antigenic variations.
Genotyping offers an alternative to antibody-based blood group determination.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the applications of genotyping for red cell and platelet blood group antigens.
To highlight the impact of genomics on transfusion medicine and patient care.
To discuss the role of genotyping in various medical fields.

Main Methods:

DNA-based genotyping using DNA arrays targeting SNPs.
Validation of genotyping against established antibody-based typing methods.
Review of current literature on genotyping applications in medicine.

Main Results:

Genotyping accurately determines blood groups and identifies antigens lacking serologic reagents.
It aids in evaluating fetal/neonatal disease risk and Rh-immune globulin candidates.
Applications extend to transplantation, hematology, and oncology patient management.
Genomics enables antigen matching beyond ABO/RhD, reducing transfusion complications.

Conclusions:

Genotyping is a transformative tool in transfusion medicine, enhancing donor-recipient compatibility.
Genomic approaches provide comprehensive blood group profiles for personalized transfusion strategies.
The integration of whole-genome sequencing will further personalize transfusion medicine.