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Related Concept Videos

Resistivity01:22

Resistivity

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When a voltage is applied to a conductor, an electrical field is generated, and charges in the conductor feel the force due to the electrical field. The current density that results depends on the electrical field and the properties of the material. In some materials, including metals at a given temperature, the current density is approximately proportional to the electrical field. In these cases, the current density can be modeled as:
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Resistance01:19

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When a current moves through any conductor, the conductor causes some level of difficulty for the current to flow. The measure of that difficulty is known as the resistance of the material and is represented by R. Every material has its own resistance. In the case of conductors, heat is emitted whenever a current passes through them. Resistance depends on the resistivity of the material. Resistivity is a characteristic of the material used to fabricate electrical components, whereas the...
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Equivalent Resistance01:16

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In circuit analysis, situations often arise where resistors are neither in series nor parallel configurations. To tackle such scenarios, three-terminal equivalent networks like the wye (Y) (Figure 1 (a)) or tee (T) and delta (Δ) (Figure 1 (b)) or pi (π) networks come into play. These networks offer versatile solutions and are frequently encountered in various applications, including three-phase electrical systems, electrical filters, and matching networks.
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Resistance and Conductance01:25

Resistance and Conductance

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A conductor's DC resistance at a given temperature is influenced by its resistivity, length, and cross-sectional area. Resistivity is an inherent property of the conductor material, with annealed copper serving as the international standard for measurement. For instance, the resistivity of hard-drawn aluminum at 20 degrees Celsius is 61% of the standard conductivity of annealed copper.
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Rolling Resistance01:21

Rolling Resistance

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When a solid cylinder rolls steadily on a rigid surface, the normal force applied by the surface on the cylinder is perpendicular to the tangent at the contact point. However, since no materials are entirely rigid, the surface's reaction to the cylinder involves a range of normal pressures.
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Vascular resistance is a critical concept in understanding blood flow dynamics in the circulatory system. It refers to the resistance that blood encounters as it flows through the blood vessels. This resistance is a key factor in determining blood pressure and cardiac workload.
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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Author Spotlight: High-Throughput In Vivo Leaf Inoculation for Accelerating Disease Resistance Screening in Poplar Hybrid Breeding
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Screening Cherry Germ Plasm for Resistance to Leaf Spot.

Phillip S Wharton1, Amy Iezzoni2, Alan L Jones3

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A new leaf disk assay effectively screens sour cherry (Prunus cerasus) for resistance to cherry leaf spot (Blumeriella jaapii). This method aids breeding efforts for disease-resistant cultivars.

Keywords:
tart cherry

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Area of Science:

  • Plant Pathology
  • Horticultural Science
  • Plant Breeding

Background:

  • Cherry leaf spot, caused by Blumeriella jaapii, significantly impacts sour cherry production.
  • Developing cultivars resistant to this disease is crucial for sustainable agriculture.
  • Existing screening methods for resistance are often time-consuming.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate a detached leaf disk assay for screening sour cherry resistance to cherry leaf spot.
  • To characterize host-pathogen interactions in susceptible and resistant cultivars.
  • To establish a disease scoring scheme for evaluating resistance in sour cherry.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a detached leaf disk assay for Blumeriella jaapii screening.
  • Utilized cherry fruit agar for rapid culturing of B. jaapii inoculum.
  • Characterized disease development in susceptible (cv. Montmorency) and resistant (cv. GiSelA 6) cultivars.
  • Screened 43 sour cherry seedlings and conducted cross-infection studies with other Prunus species.

Main Results:

  • The leaf disk assay successfully differentiated between susceptible and resistant responses.
  • A new method for culturing B. jaapii significantly reduced inoculum production time.
  • Sour cherry seedling 'Almaz' o.p. R1(1) was identified as resistant.
  • 'Almaz' o.p. R1(1) and 'GiSelA 6' showed resistance to leaf spot isolates from other Prunus species.

Conclusions:

  • The detached leaf disk assay is a reliable tool for screening sour cherry resistance to cherry leaf spot.
  • The findings provide a foundation for breeding programs aimed at developing resistant sour cherry cultivars.
  • Rapid inoculum production methods enhance the efficiency of resistance screening.