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Toughness and hardness are critical properties of aggregate materials used in concrete, particularly on pavement surfaces and industrial flooring subjected to heavy loads. Toughness is defined as the aggregate's resistance to failure by impact and is measured by the aggregate impact value (AIV). For this, the aggregate impact value test is performed, wherein the impact is delivered by a standard hammer, which falls freely under its own weight onto the aggregates. The aggregates fragment in...
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Nacre-inspired Hard and Tough Materials.

Huachuan Du, Ullrich Steiner, Esther Amstad

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    |March 1, 2019
    PubMed
    Summary

    Nature creates tough biomaterials like nacre using precise control over structure. This review explores nacre-inspired composites, focusing on fabrication methods and controlling calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) formation for enhanced properties.

    Area of Science:

    • Materials Science
    • Biomimetics
    • Nanotechnology

    Background:

    • Nature produces exceptionally tough materials, such as nacre, through intricate control over structure and composition.
    • Nacre, a biomaterial, achieves remarkable toughness via layered calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) crystals and organic interlayers.
    • Mimicking nacre's structure in synthetic composites has yielded materials with varied mechanical properties.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To review methods for fabricating nacre-inspired layered composites.
    • To analyze the influence of fabrication on composite composition, structure, and mechanical properties.
    • To explore strategies for controlling CaCO₃ formation within organic scaffolds to enhance mechanical performance.

    Main Methods:

    • Summarizing existing literature on the synthesis of nacre-inspired composites.

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  • Comparing natural nacre formation with synthetic approaches.
  • Reviewing techniques for controlling CaCO₃ crystal morphology, structure, and orientation in organic matrices.

    • Main Results:

    • Fabrication methods significantly impact the composition, structure, and mechanical properties of nacre-inspired composites.
    • Key differences exist in the inorganic component formation mechanisms and kinetics between natural nacre and synthetic analogues.
    • Controlling CaCO₃ formation in organic scaffolds offers a pathway to tune mechanical properties.

    Conclusions:

    • Understanding nature's fabrication strategies is crucial for developing advanced biomimetic materials.
    • Precise control over inorganic component formation is essential for replicating nacre's toughness in synthetic composites.
    • Further research into CaCO₃ formation within organic scaffolds can lead to novel high-performance materials.