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Related Concept Videos

Translation01:31

Translation

156.2K
Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
156.2K
Translation01:31

Translation

17.8K
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of Life
Proteins are...
17.8K
Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

38.9K
Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
38.9K
Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

27.7K
The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
27.7K
Energy to Drive Translocation01:37

Energy to Drive Translocation

2.8K
Mitochondrial protein import is powered by two distinct energy sources: ATP hydrolysis and electrochemical potential across the inner membrane. Newly synthesized precursors are bound by cytosolic chaperones of the Hsp70 family, which guide them to the import receptors on the mitochondrial surface. Utilizing the energy of ATP hydrolysis, Hsp70 chaperones transfer these precursors to the TOM receptors on the mitochondrial outer membrane.
Generally, polypeptides are unfolded by two distinct...
2.8K
Improving Translational Accuracy02:07

Improving Translational Accuracy

14.9K
Base complementarity between the three base pairs of mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon is not a failsafe mechanism. Inaccuracies can range from a single mismatch to no correct base pairing at all. The free energy difference between the correct and nearly correct base pairs can be as small as 3 kcal/ mol. With complementarity being the only proofreading step, the estimated error frequency would be one wrong amino acid in every 100 amino acids incorporated. However, error frequencies observed in...
14.9K

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Driving Under the Influence: How Music Listening Affects Driving Behaviors
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Driving CAR T cell translation forward.

Liora Schultz1, Crystal Mackall2,3,4

  • 1Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.

Science Translational Medicine
|March 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies are now commercial successes. However, broadening the reach of cancer immunotherapies presents ongoing difficulties.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cell therapies represent a significant advancement in cancer treatment.
  • Recent successes have led to the commercialization of CAR T cell products.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To discuss the challenges and opportunities in expanding the impact of cancer immunotherapies.
  • To explore strategies for overcoming barriers to broader CAR T cell therapy application.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current CAR T cell therapy landscape.
  • Analysis of commercialization successes and limitations.
  • Discussion of translational challenges in immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • CAR T cell therapy has achieved notable clinical and commercial successes.
  • Significant hurdles remain in translating these successes to a wider patient population.
  • Expanding immunotherapy impact requires addressing manufacturing, accessibility, and efficacy challenges.

Conclusions:

  • While CAR T cell therapies have transformed certain cancer treatments, challenges in scalability and accessibility persist.
  • Further innovation is needed to broaden the application of cancer immunotherapies to more patients and cancer types.