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Dissociation between reaction time and pupil dilation in the Stroop task.

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Pupil dilation reveals cognitive conflict during the Stroop task, even when reaction times do not. This suggests pupil changes can indicate task conflict and information conflict earlier than behavioral measures.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Neuroscience

Background:

  • The Stroop task is believed to involve two conflicts: information conflict (color vs. word meaning) and task conflict (naming color vs. reading word).
  • Behavioral evidence for task conflict, such as longer reaction times (RT) in congruent conditions than neutral conditions, is inconsistently observed.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dissociation between behavioral measures (RT) and physiological measures (pupil dilation) in detecting cognitive conflict during the Stroop task.
  • To determine if pupil dilation can reveal task conflict and information conflict independently of RT.

Main Methods:

  • Participants performed the Stroop task while their reaction times (RT) and pupil dilation were measured.
  • Analysis focused on comparing RT and pupil dilation across neutral, congruent, and incongruent conditions.

Main Results:

  • Reaction times showed the typical pattern of large interference and minimal, non-significant facilitation.
  • Pupil dilation revealed both information conflict (greater dilation for incongruent vs. congruent/neutral) and task conflict (greater dilation for congruent vs. neutral).
  • Pupil dilation indicated task conflict earlier than information conflict.

Conclusions:

  • Pupil dilation provides a more sensitive measure of cognitive conflict than RT during the Stroop task.
  • Physiological measures like pupil dilation can detect conflict even when behavioral indicators are absent or minimal.
  • Task conflict may arise earlier in cognitive processing than information conflict.