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Related Concept Videos

The Nucleosome02:33

The Nucleosome

18.7K
DNA in a human cell is almost 2m long and it is packed inside a tiny nucleus that is only a few microns in diameter. The level of compaction of DNA inside the nucleus is astonishing. It is organized into several sequentially higher levels of compaction to fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
DNA is wound twice around a protein complex called histone core, that consist of 8 histone proteins. This complex...
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The Nucleosome02:33

The Nucleosome

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The Nucleosome01:19

The Nucleosome

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Human DNA is almost two meters long. However, it is compressed inside a tiny nucleus measuring only a few microns in diameter. To make this degree of compaction possible, DNA is organized into several sequential levels so that it can fit into such a tiny space. The most compact form of DNA is a chromosome that can be seen under a microscope in a dividing cell.
In a chromosome, DNA is wound twice around a protein complex called a histone octamer core, which consists of 8 histone proteins. This...
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Nucleosome Remodeling02:54

Nucleosome Remodeling

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Nucleosomes are the basic units of chromatin compaction. Each nucleosome consists of the DNA bound tightly around a histone core, which makes the DNA inaccessible to DNA binding proteins such as DNA polymerase and RNA polymerase. Hence, the fundamental problem is to ensure access to DNA when appropriate, despite the compact and protective chromatin structure.
Nucleosome remodeling complex
Eukaryotic cells have specialized enzymes called ATP-dependent nucleosome remodeling enzymes. These enzymes...
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The Nucleosome Core Particle02:10

The Nucleosome Core Particle

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
The paradox
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their main responsibility is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. While on the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access DNA...
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The Nucleosome Core Particle01:12

The Nucleosome Core Particle

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Nucleosomes are the DNA-histone complex, where the DNA strand is wound around the histone core. The histone core is an octamer containing two copies of H2A, H2B, H3, and H4 histone proteins.
Nucleosomes, paradoxically, perform two opposite functions simultaneously. On the one hand, their primary aim is to protect the delicate DNA strands from physical damage and help achieve a higher compaction ratio. On the other hand, they must allow polymerase enzymes to access histone-bound DNA during...
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Probing The Structure And Dynamics Of Nucleosomes Using Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging
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Probing The Structure And Dynamics Of Nucleosomes Using Atomic Force Microscopy Imaging

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Strategies for Generating Modified Nucleosomes: Applications within Structural Biology Studies.

Catherine A Musselman1, Tatiana G Kutateladze2

  • 1Department of Biochemistry , University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine , Iowa City , Iowa 52246 , United States.

ACS Chemical Biology
|March 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Generating specifically modified nucleosomes is crucial for understanding chromatin regulation. This review discusses current strategies and novel ideas for creating these essential substrates for structural biology studies.

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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Molecular Biology
  • Structural Biology

Background:

  • Post-translational modifications (PTMs) on histone proteins are key regulators of chromatin structure and DNA-templated processes.
  • These modifications influence chromatin structure and the activity of chromatin-modifying enzymes.
  • Understanding PTMs within the nucleosome, the fundamental chromatin unit, is vital but challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss current strategies for generating specifically modified nucleosomes.
  • To explore novel ideas and approaches for creating these crucial substrates.
  • To highlight challenges in applying these methods to structural biology.

Main Methods:

  • Discussion of existing techniques for synthesizing modified histones and assembling nucleosomes.
  • Exploration of innovative conceptual frameworks for targeted nucleosome modification.
  • Analysis of the requirements and limitations for structural biology applications.

Main Results:

  • Several strategies exist for generating specifically modified nucleosomes, though challenges remain.
  • Novel approaches are emerging to overcome limitations in substrate generation.
  • The availability of modified nucleosomes is critical for detailed structural analyses.

Conclusions:

  • The generation of specifically modified nucleosomes is essential for advancing our understanding of chromatin biology.
  • Continued development of innovative methods is needed to meet the demands of structural biology.
  • Addressing current challenges will facilitate deeper insights into the functional roles of histone PTMs.