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Attachment is vital for infant development, as warm social interactions support growth and well-being. In a classic 1958 study by Harry Harlow, the significance of warmth and comfort in forming attachments was examined. Harlow separated newborn monkeys from their mothers and provided two artificial "mothers": one made of cold wire and the other covered in soft cloth. Despite the wire mother offering food, the infant monkeys preferred the comfort of the cloth mother, demonstrating that...
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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Spatial Separation of Molecular Conformers and Clusters
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Selectivity in Electron Attachment to Water Clusters.

Aude Lietard1, Jan R R Verlet1

  • 1Department of Chemistry , Durham University , Durham DH1 3LE , United Kingdom.

The Journal of Physical Chemistry Letters
|March 1, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Electron attachment to water clusters forms anions. Attachment point influences isomer distribution in 78-molecule clusters due to varying cluster growth rates and electron solvation dynamics.

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Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Chemical Physics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Water cluster anions are formed via electron attachment.
  • Understanding isomer distribution is crucial for cluster science.
  • Molecular beam techniques allow controlled cluster formation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the effect of electron attachment location on water cluster anion isomer distribution.
  • To correlate isomer formation with cluster growth dynamics and electron solvation.
  • To analyze the influence of molecular beam parameters on anion structure.

Main Methods:

  • Electron attachment was varied along a molecular beam axis.
  • Photoelectron spectroscopy was used to probe the resulting water cluster anions.
  • Analysis focused on clusters containing 78 water molecules.

Main Results:

  • The point of electron attachment significantly impacts isomer distribution for (H2O)78-.
  • Isomer I is preferentially formed near the beam source; Isomer II is favored further downstream.
  • These changes correlate with rapid cluster growth and solvation near the source versus attachment to preformed, cold clusters downstream.

Conclusions:

  • Cluster growth rate and electron solvation dynamics dictate isomer formation.
  • Attachment to rapidly growing clusters leads to different isomers than attachment to large, cold, preformed clusters.
  • Electron attachment location is a key control parameter for water cluster anion structure.