Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Single-Port Robotic-assisted Transaxillary Breast-conserving Surgery: A Prospective, Single-arm, Non-randomized Phase IIa Clinical Trial

Single-Port Robotic-assisted Transaxillary Breast-conserving Surgery: A Prospective, Single-arm, Non-randomized Phase IIa Clinical Trial

Published on: August 19, 2025

Utility of Two Surgical Techniques Using a Lateral Intercostal Artery Perforator Flap after Breast-Conserving

Jae Bong Kim¹, Jeung Ryeol Eom¹, Jeong Woo Lee¹

¹From the Departments of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Surgery, School of Medicine, Kyungpook National University.

Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery

|March 1, 2019

Abstract

Background:

Immediate partial breast reconstruction after breast-conserving surgery has become a new paradigm in treating breast cancer. Among the volume replacement techniques used for small to moderate-sized breasts, the perforator flap method has many advantages. The authors present anatomical studies and two surgical techniques using lateral intercostal artery perforator flaps.

Methods:

Data from 40 patients who underwent breast reconstruction using the lateral intercostal artery perforator flap between January of 2011 and June of 2016 were included. The authors conducted comparative analyses of the propeller flap and the turnover flap. They used three-dimensional computed tomography in lateral intercostal artery perforator flap anatomical studies, analyzing the distribution probability of the dominant perforator, the vertical distance from the axillary fold, and the horizontal distance from the anterior border of the latissimus dorsi.

Results:

The most dominant perforator used for lateral intercostal artery perforator flaps was the sixth lateral intercostal artery perforator (43.6 percent of cases), followed by the seventh lateral intercostal artery perforator (39.1 percent of cases); their mean distances from the latissimus dorsi and the axillary folds were determined and reported. Complications included three cases requiring additional treatment for fat necrosis (propeller method, two cases; turnover method, one case) and venous congestion in only two cases that used the propeller method. Cosmetic satisfaction was 90 percent or greater for both techniques, indicating that results were rated as either excellent or good.

Conclusion:

The authors believe that their study results can broaden the application of partial breast reconstruction by using the lateral intercostal artery perforator flap after breast-conserving surgery, with three-dimensional computed tomography for anatomical studies, and using one of the authors' two described surgical techniques.

Clinical Question/Level Of Evidence:

Therapeutic, III.

More Related Videos

The Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery Axial Flap to Study Ischemic Preconditioning Effects in a Rat Model

The Superficial Inferior Epigastric Artery Axial Flap to Study Ischemic Preconditioning Effects in a Rat Model

Published on: January 27, 2023

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps

An Experimental Human DIEP Flap Model to Investigate Preservation Strategies for Vascularized Composite Allografts and Free Flaps

Published on: December 5, 2025

Related Concept Videos

What is Conservation Biology?

What is Conservation Biology?

Conservation biology is a scientific field that focuses on the preservation of biodiversity in order to protect ecosystems while meeting the needs of the human population. Humans require properly functioning ecosystems to maintain our supply of natural resources, including food, medicines, and building materials.

Conservation of Small Populations

Conservation of Small Populations

Small population sizes put a species at extreme risk of extinction due to a lack of variation, and a consequent decrease in adaptability. This weakens the chances of survival under pressures such as climate change, competition from other species, or new diseases. Large populations are more likely to survive pressures such as these, as such populations are more likely to harbor individuals that have genetic variants that are adaptive under new stresses. Small populations are much less...

Conserved Binding Sites

Conserved Binding Sites

Many proteins’ biological role depends on their interactions with their ligands, small molecules that bind to specific locations on the protein known as ligand-binding sites. Ligand-binding sites are often conserved among homologous proteins as these sites are critical for protein function.
Binding sites are often located in large pockets, and if their location on a protein’s surface is unknown, it can be predicted using various approaches. The energetic method computationally...

Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction

Esophageal Perforation-I: Introduction

Esophageal perforation is a severe medical condition characterized by a breach in the integrity of the esophageal wall. This breach can occur due to various factors such as trauma, medical procedures, or underlying diseases. When the esophageal wall is compromised, it allows food, fluids, and digestive juices into the chest cavity or adjacent structures, leading to potential complications and health risks.
The location of esophageal perforation can vary, occurring anywhere along the esophagus....

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
Types of Unit Cells
Imagine taking a large number of identical...

Center of Gravity

Center of Gravity

The center of gravity (COG) of an object is the point where the object's total weight is considered to be concentrated. Knowing the location of the center of gravity is useful when predicting the behavior of a moving object or designing static structures. In a uniform gravitational field, the center of gravity is similar to the center of mass (COM); yet, these two points can be positioned differently. For example, the Moon's center of mass lies very close to its geometric center, but...

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Role of EMP2 and Del-1 in Tamoxifen-resistant Breast Cancer Cells.

In vivo (Athens, Greece)·2026

Predictions of Oncotype DX® High-Risk Classification Using Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Intratumoral Heterogeneity.

Bioengineering (Basel, Switzerland)·2026

Clinical outcomes of thick acellular dermal matrix for partial volume correction in breast conserving and reconstructive surgery: a single-center prospective study.

Gland surgery·2026

Clinical safety and breast symmetry after injectable acellular dermal fibers reconstruction: an MR-based volumetric study.

Gland surgery·2026

Postoperative Hypoglossal Nerve Palsy in Breast Reconstruction Surgery.

Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania)·2026

A meso-acyl-BODIPY-based fluorogenic probe for the selective monitoring of aldo-keto reductase 1C1 in living cells.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2026

See all related articles