Growth and Nutrition of Mollicute-Infected Maize

Maize bushy stunt phytoplasma (MBSP) and corn stunt spiroplasma (CSS) diseases are widespread in Brazil. The leafhopper Dalbulus maidis is the insect vector for these pathogenic mollicutes. The effects of these diseases on the development of maize plants and the possible interaction of soil water availability on these effects were evaluated in two experiments carried out on potted plants. Experiment 1 was carried out in a 2 × 4 factorial, where factor 1 corresponded to healthy and mollicute-infected plants and factor 2 to the maintenance of 40, 60, 80, and 100% of the total soil water availability. Leafhoppers collected from a field with high incidence of these diseases were used to inoculate plants with mollicutes. There were three treatments in experiment 2: healthy plants, plants infected with phytoplasma, and plants infected with spiroplasma. MBSP was predominant in experiment 1. The infected plants grew less and lowered nutrient uptake, in distinct proportions, indicating a differential effect of mollicutes on nutrient uptake independent of available soil water. Soil water availability did not significantly affect plant growth and nutrient uptake or mollicute infection. The results indicated that plants infected by mollicutes contained less protein than healthy plants. Experiment 2 showed a reduction in growth of plants infected with mollicutes and less nutrient uptake by spiroplasma-infected plants. The results showed a detrimental effect of the spiroplasma on Mg uptake. Both experiments showed more water retention by infected plants than by healthy ones. These experiments clearly demonstrated that reduced plant growth and nutrient uptake are major effects on plants infected with MBSP and CSS.