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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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The external iliac artery transitions out of the body cavity, entering the femoral region of the lower leg, and is renamed the femoral artery at the point where it traverses the body wall. This artery is responsible for the distribution of blood to the thigh's deep muscles and the skin's ventral and lateral regions, achieved through several minor branches and the lateral deep femoral artery, which also spawns a lateral circumflex artery. The knee area receives blood from the genicular...
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In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
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Related Experiment Video

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Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds
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Limb phase flexibility in walking: a test case in the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus).

Charlotte Elizabeth Miller1, Laura Elizabeth Johnson2, Henry Pinkard3

  • 11Centre for Applied Anatomy, University of Bristol, Southwell Street, Bristol, BS2 8EJ UK.

Frontiers in Zoology
|March 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Quadrupeds adjust footfall timing based on substrate, prioritizing energy conservation on flat surfaces and stability on complex ones. This study models these gait selection factors in mammals.

Keywords:
ArborealityBiomechanicsDuty factorGaitLocomotionPrimatesSpeed

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Area of Science:

  • Biomechanics
  • Animal Locomotion
  • Gait Analysis

Background:

  • Previous studies analyzed energetic cost or gait mechanics separately.
  • A new model integrates energetic cost and gait mechanics for quadrupedal mammal walking.
  • The model predicts footfall timings based on substrate context.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To predict substrate contexts influencing quadrupedal footfall timings.
  • To investigate minimizing energetic cost, rolling/pitching moments, or balancing both.
  • To test the model's predictions using squirrel monkeys on varied substrates.

Main Methods:

  • Developed a model for symmetrical walking gaits in quadrupedal mammals.
  • Collected footfall timing data from squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus).
  • Tested monkeys on flat, straight pole, and branched pole substrates.

Main Results:

  • Flat surface walking showed footfall timings promoting energy exchange.
  • Pole substrates resulted in footfall timings favoring reduced pitching and rolling moments.
  • Observed limb phase values aligned with model predictions.

Conclusions:

  • Animal gait adjustments depend on substrate type and competing selective factors.
  • Footfall timing in mammals is influenced by energy conservation and stability.
  • Findings offer insights into behavioral adaptations for locomotion on diverse terrains.