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Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:24

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a noninvasive medical imaging technique based on a phenomenon of nuclear physics discovered in the 1930s, in which matter exposed to magnetic fields and radio waves was found to emit radio signals. In 1970, a physician and researcher named Raymond Damadian noticed that malignant (cancerous) tissue gave off different signals than normal body tissue. He applied for a patent for the first MRI scanning device in clinical use by the early 1980s. The early MRI...
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Imaging Studies IV: Magnetic Resonance Imaging01:27

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Introduction:Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, can include a specialized imaging technique of the urinary system known as Magnetic Resonance Urography (MRU). This radiation-free technique uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to produce detailed images with the help of a computer. MRU is particularly effective for visualizing fluid-filled structures like the kidneys, ureters, and bladder.Applications of MRI in the Genitourinary SystemKidneys and Ureters: MRI detects tumors, cysts,...
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Classifying Matter by Composition03:35

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Matter: Pure Substances and Mixtures
According to its composition, the matter can be classified into two broad categories — pure substances and mixtures. 
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The number of nuclear spins aligned in the lower energy state is slightly greater than those in the higher energy state. In the presence of an external magnetic field, as the spins precess at the Larmor frequency, the excess population results in a net magnetization oriented along the z axis. When a pulse or a short burst of radio waves at the Larmor frequency is applied along the x axis, the coupling of frequencies causes resonance and flips the nuclear spins of the excess population from the...
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Physical and Chemical Properties of Matter02:57

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The characteristics that enable us to distinguish one substance from another are called properties.
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Classifying Matter by State02:49

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Chemistry is the study of matter and the changes it undergoes. Matter is anything that has mass and occupies space. Matter is all around us; the air, water, soil, mountains, even our bodies are all examples of matter. Matter is divided into three states — solid, liquid, and gas — that are commonly found on earth. The fourth state of matter, plasma, occurs naturally in the interiors of stars. 
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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

A Standardized Pipeline for Examining Human Cerebellar Grey Matter Morphometry using Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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Magnetic Resonance Techniques for Imaging White Matter.

Cassandra Sampaio-Baptista1, Kata Diosi2, Heidi Johansen-Berg2

  • 1NDCN Department, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK. Cassandra.sampaiobaptista@ndcn.ox.ac.uk.

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Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) noninvasively studies white matter brain changes over time. While powerful for longitudinal research, MRI techniques have limitations in spatial resolution and specificity for white matter investigations.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Biomedical Imaging
  • Neuroimaging

Background:

  • White matter forms a complex network of brain fibers crucial for information processing.
  • In vivo noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has become vital for studying white matter structure.
  • MRI enables longitudinal whole-brain acquisition for monitoring changes, interventions, and disease progression.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explain common noninvasive MRI techniques for investigating white matter structure to non-imaging experts.
  • To cover the advantages and limitations of each described MRI technique.

Main Methods:

  • Description of common in vivo noninvasive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques.
  • Focus on techniques applicable to white matter structure investigation.
  • Explanation in simple technical terms for a non-expert audience.

Main Results:

  • MRI offers longitudinal monitoring of white matter brain changes and disease progression.
  • MRI techniques provide insights into white matter structure noninvasively.
  • Acknowledged limitations include lower spatial resolution and specificity compared to cellular methods.

Conclusions:

  • Noninvasive MRI techniques are valuable tools for studying white matter in humans and animal models.
  • Understanding the advantages and pitfalls of different MRI methods is essential for accurate interpretation.
  • Further advancements are needed to overcome current limitations in spatial resolution and specificity.