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Related Concept Videos

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure01:17

Pathophysiology of Heart Failure

3.5K
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive syndrome involving ventricles that leads to inadequate cardiac output. It can be classified based on location and output or ejection fraction. Ejection fraction (EF) is an essential measurement in the diagnosis and surveillance of HF. Reduced EF corresponds to systolic heart failure (HFrEF). However, HF with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is becoming increasingly prevalent. Also known as diastolic HF, this form of HF is related to aging. The...
3.5K
Heart Failure I: Introduction01:27

Heart Failure I: Introduction

847
Heart failure refers to a clinical syndrome caused by structural or functional cardiac disorders that prevent the heart from pumping an adequate amount of blood to meet the body's metabolic needs. This condition often arises from myocardial infarction or ischemia, leading to decreased cardiac output, reduced tissue perfusion, impaired gas exchange, fluid volume imbalance, and decreased functional ability.Heart failure can result from disruptions in the mechanisms that regulate cardiac output...
847
Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology01:29

Heart Failure II: Pathophysiology

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Systolic Heart Failure and Compensatory MechanismsSystolic heart failure (also termed HFrEF, Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction) is the most prevalent type of heart filure. It results in a decreased volume of blood being pumped from the ventricle. The aortic arch and carotid sinuses have baroreceptors that detect reduced blood pressure, triggering the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) to release epinephrine and norepinephrine. Initially, this response aims to boost heart rate and...
872
Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics01:22

Heart Failure Drugs: Diuretics

948
Heart failure and kidney perfusion are interconnected in a complex way. Reduced renal perfusion and venous congestion are two significant factors that contribute to renal dysfunction in heart failure. The kidneys, primarily responsible for fluid balance in the body, are adversely affected due to compromised cardiac output and increased venous pressure. In response to reduced renal perfusion, the kidneys activate neurohumoral mechanisms to restore balance. However, these mechanisms can be...
948
Heart Failure V: Medical Management01:30

Heart Failure V: Medical Management

272
Medical Management of Acute Decompensated Heart Failure (ADHF)The primary goals of therapy for patients hospitalized with acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF) include:Relieving symptomsOptimizing volume statusSupporting oxygenation and ventilationMaintaining cardiac output (CO) and end-organ perfusionIdentifying and addressing the cause of ADHFPreventing complicationsProviding patient education on factors precipitating HF exacerbationPlanning for dischargeOngoing monitoring and assessment...
272
Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies01:22

Heart Failure VI: Adjunct Therapies

314
Additional therapies for treating patients with heart failure (HF) may include procedural interventions, supplemental oxygen, the management of sleep disorders, and nutritional therapy.Procedural InterventionsImplantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator: For patients at risk of life-threatening arrhythmias due to severe left ventricular dysfunction, an Implantable Cardioverter-Defibrillator (ICD) can detect and terminate these arrhythmias, preventing sudden cardiac death and improving survival rates.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Author Spotlight: Investigating HR-Dependent Cardiac Function in Mouse Models Through a Novel Atrial-Pacing Approach
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Author Spotlight: Investigating HR-Dependent Cardiac Function in Mouse Models Through a Novel Atrial-Pacing Approach

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[Heart failure and iron deficiency].

Cristian Fava1, Massimo Piepoli1, Giovanni Q Villani1

  • 1U.O. Scompenso e Cardiomiopatie, U.O.C. Cardiologia, Ospedale G. da Saliceto, AUSL Piacenza.

Giornale Italiano Di Cardiologia (2006)
|March 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Iron deficiency is a common issue in heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Intravenous iron carboxymaltose may improve symptoms and exercise capacity in HFrEF patients.

Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Hematology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) affects over 10% of individuals over 65.
  • Established pharmacological treatments exist, but new therapeutic targets are emerging.
  • Iron deficiency is increasingly recognized as a significant comorbidity in HFrEF.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of iron deficiency in HFrEF.
  • To evaluate the efficacy of intravenous iron carboxymaltose in HFrEF patients.
  • To identify gaps in current research regarding iron supplementation and clinical outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical studies and ongoing trials.
  • Analysis of iron deficiency definition (ferritin <100 μg/l or 100-300 μg/l with TSAT <20%).

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Gene Transfer for Ischemic Heart Failure in a Preclinical Model
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  • Assessment of iron's physiological roles in oxygen transport and energy metabolism.

    • Main Results:

    • Iron deficiency can lead to anemia, reduced exercise capacity, and myocardial changes.
    • Intravenous iron carboxymaltose has shown potential in improving anemia, NYHA class, quality of life, and exercise capacity.
    • No large-scale randomized trials currently confirm iron supplementation's impact on mortality and morbidity endpoints in HFrEF.

    Conclusions:

    • Iron deficiency is a relevant target in HFrEF management.
    • Intravenous iron carboxymaltose shows promise for symptom improvement in HFrEF.
    • Further large-scale randomized studies are needed to establish the role of iron supplementation in reducing mortality and morbidity in HFrEF.