Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Real Time RT-PCR

Real Time RT-PCR

Real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, or Real-time RT-PCR, is an analytical tool used to determine the expression level of target genes. The method involves converting mRNA to complementary DNA with the help of an enzyme known as reverse transcriptase, followed by the PCR amplification of the cDNA. These two processes can be performed simultaneously in a single tube or separately as a two-step reaction.
The real-time quantification of the number of amplified products is...

Generation Time

Generation Time

Bacterial generation time, the period required for a bacterial population to double during its exponential growth phase, serves as a critical measure of microbial growth dynamics under optimal conditions. This parameter varies significantly across bacterial species and can be influenced by factors such as temperature, pH, and the availability of nutrients. For example, Escherichia coli can achieve a generation time of approximately 20 minutes, while Mycobacterium tuberculosis exhibits a much...

Mixing Time

Mixing Time

The concept of mixing time is significant in producing a uniform concrete mix with the required strength. The mixing period starts once all components are in the mixer. Initially, the mixer is charged with 10% of the water, followed by the consistent addition of solids and then 80% of the water. The remaining water is added later, within the first quarter of the mixing period. The minimum mixing time varies according to the mixer's capacity; for example, mixers with up to 1 cubic yard...

Mean free path and Mean free time

Mean free path and Mean free time

Consider the gas molecules in a cylinder. They move in a random motion as they collide with each other and change speed and direction. The average of all the path lengths between collisions is known as the "mean free path."

Time Course of Drug Effect

Time Course of Drug Effect

The progression of a drug's impact can be analyzed by examining both the concentration-time course and the effect-time course. The concentration-time course is determined by the drug's half-life and is influenced by factors such as its pharmacokinetics, including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. The effect of the drug is often related to its concentration in the plasma and is calculated using the maximum drug effect and the plasma concentration that generates 50...

Mechanical Efficiency of Real Machines

Mechanical Efficiency of Real Machines

The mechanical efficiency of a machine is a fundamental concept that describes how effectively a machine can convert input work into output work. According to this concept, the efficiency of a machine is equal to the ratio of the output work to the input work. An ideal machine, meaning a machine that has no energy losses, has an efficiency of one. This implies that the input work and the output work are equal.
However, in reality, no machine can be truly ideal, and all of them experience some...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A prospective, open-label feasibility study protocol of home-based transcranial direct current stimulation for major depressive disorder in elective lumbar spine surgery candidates.

Frontiers in human neuroscience·2026

Same author

Surgical Management of Spinal Chondrosarcoma: Retrospective Case Series and Systematic Review of the Literature.

Operative neurosurgery (Hagerstown, Md.)·2026

Same author

Intracranial tumor preoperative patient-reported quality-of-life measures predict post-operative high-value care outcomes.

Clinical neurology and neurosurgery·2026

Same author

Biomarkers in Spinal Metastasis of Breast Cancer: Insights Into Survival and Functional Outcomes.

Journal of clinical neurology (Seoul, Korea)·2026

Same author

Age-related differences in surgical outcomes for traumatic central cord syndrome: a multi-institutional causal machine learning analysis.

Journal of neurosurgery. Spine·2026

Same author

Optimization of frailty indices in predicting the risk of surgical outcomes in patients undergoing spine surgery under nongeneral anesthesia.

The spine journal : official journal of the North American Spine Society·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

A Spine Robotic-Assisted Navigation System for Pedicle Screw Placement

A Spine Robotic-Assisted Navigation System for Pedicle Screw Placement

Published on: May 11, 2020

First spine surgery utilizing real-time image-guided robotic assistance.

A Karim Ahmed¹, Corinna C Zygourakis¹, Samuel Kalb^1,2

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine , Baltimore , MD , USA.

Computer Assisted Surgery (Abingdon, England)

|March 2, 2019

Summary

The ExcelsiusGPS™ robotic system offers advanced features for spinal surgery, improving accuracy and reducing radiation exposure. This case report details the first successful use of this innovative robotic technology in a patient undergoing spine surgery.

Keywords:

neuronavigation image guided surgery intraoperative imaging navigation neurosurgery pedicle screws registration robot-assisted robotics spine

More Related Videos

Orthopedic Robot-Assisted Femoral Neck System in the Treatment of Femoral Neck Fracture

Orthopedic Robot-Assisted Femoral Neck System in the Treatment of Femoral Neck Fracture

Published on: March 3, 2023

Robotics in Surgery: A Modular Robotic Platform Driven Gastric Wedge Resection

Robotics in Surgery: A Modular Robotic Platform Driven Gastric Wedge Resection

Published on: February 7, 2025

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

A Spine Robotic-Assisted Navigation System for Pedicle Screw Placement

A Spine Robotic-Assisted Navigation System for Pedicle Screw Placement

Published on: May 11, 2020

Orthopedic Robot-Assisted Femoral Neck System in the Treatment of Femoral Neck Fracture

Orthopedic Robot-Assisted Femoral Neck System in the Treatment of Femoral Neck Fracture

Published on: March 3, 2023

Robotics in Surgery: A Modular Robotic Platform Driven Gastric Wedge Resection

Robotics in Surgery: A Modular Robotic Platform Driven Gastric Wedge Resection

Published on: February 7, 2025

Area of Science:

Neurosurgery
Orthopedic Surgery
Medical Robotics

Background:

Robotic systems offer potential benefits in spinal surgery, including enhanced accuracy and minimally invasive options.
Previous robotic systems had limitations that spurred the development of new technologies.
The ExcelsiusGPS™ system represents an advancement in robotic spinal surgery platforms.

Observation:

The ExcelsiusGPS™ robot is floor-mounted and features a rigid external arm for direct screw placement without K-wires.
Integrated neuronavigation and safety features like a surveillance marker and lateral force meter are included.
This system aims to overcome drawbacks of earlier robotic surgical tools.

Findings:

The first reported spinal surgery using the ExcelsiusGPS™ demonstrated excellent screw placement.
The procedure resulted in minimal radiation exposure for both the patient and the surgical team.
The patient experienced a favorable outcome following the robotic-assisted surgery.

Implications:

This case highlights the successful application of real-time image-guided robotic assistance in spine surgery.
The ExcelsiusGPS™ system shows promise for improving surgical precision and patient safety.
Further adoption of this technology could enhance training and surgical options in spinal procedures.