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Related Concept Videos

Phase Transitions02:31

Phase Transitions

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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition02:33

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

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Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...
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Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing02:39

Phase Transitions: Melting and Freezing

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Heating a crystalline solid increases the average energy of its atoms, molecules, or ions, and the solid gets hotter. At some point, the added energy becomes large enough to partially overcome the forces holding the molecules or ions of the solid in their fixed positions, and the solid begins the process of transitioning to the liquid state or melting. At this point, the temperature of the solid stops rising, despite the continual input of heat, and it remains constant until all of the solid is...
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Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation02:39

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

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The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...
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Gravitation01:16

Gravitation

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In the years before Newton, a general belief prevailed that different laws governed objects in the sky than objects on Earth. When Kepler wrote down the three laws of planetary motion, explaining in detail the geometrical properties of the planetary orbits around the Sun, there was no immediate idea to discern their connection with more fundamental laws. It was Isaac Newton who, in 1665–66, figured out the connection between planetary motion, the motion of the moon around the Earth, and...
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Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Identifying a First-Order Phase Transition in Neutron-Star Mergers through Gravitational Waves.

Andreas Bauswein1, Niels-Uwe F Bastian2, David B Blaschke2,3

  • 1GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, Planckstraße 1, 64291 Darmstadt, Germany and Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Schloss-Wolfsbrunnenweg 35, 69118 Heidelberg, Germany.

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Gravitational waves from neutron-star mergers can reveal a first-order hadron-quark phase transition. A distinct frequency shift in postmerger gravitational waves indicates the presence of a stable quark matter core within neutron stars.

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Area of Science:

  • Astrophysics
  • Nuclear Physics
  • Gravitational Wave Astronomy

Background:

  • Neutron stars are extreme density objects composed of hadrons.
  • The potential existence of quark matter within neutron stars is a key question in nuclear physics.
  • Hadron-quark phase transitions at supranuclear densities are theoretically predicted.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify observable signatures of a hadron-quark phase transition in neutron-star merger gravitational waves.
  • To determine if gravitational wave (GW) emission can probe the equation of state of matter at supranuclear densities.

Main Methods:

  • Simulating neutron-star mergers using various microphysical equations of state.
  • Analyzing the postmerger gravitational wave signals, focusing on the dominant frequency (f_peak).
  • Comparing GW frequency evolution with tidal deformability predictions.

Main Results:

  • A strong first-order hadron-quark phase transition can create a stable quark matter core, altering the postmerger remnant.
  • This phase transition causes a significant deviation in the dominant postmerger GW frequency (f_peak) from empirical relations.
  • Such deviations are uniquely observed in simulations featuring a strong first-order phase transition.

Conclusions:

  • The dominant postmerger GW frequency provides an observable imprint of a first-order hadron-quark phase transition.
  • Future gravitational wave observations can potentially detect this frequency shift, offering evidence for quark matter in neutron stars.