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Related Concept Videos

CRISPR and crRNAs02:53

CRISPR and crRNAs

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Bacteria and archaea are susceptible to viral infections just like eukaryotes; therefore, they have developed a unique adaptive immune system to protect themselves. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated proteins (CRISPR-Cas) are present in more than 45% of known bacteria and 90% of known archaea.
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CRISPR01:59

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Genome editing technologies allow scientists to modify an organism’s DNA via the addition, removal, or rearrangement of genetic material at specific genomic locations. These types of techniques could potentially be used to cure genetic disorders such as hemophilia and sickle cell anemia. One popular and widely used DNA-editing research tool that could lead to safe and effective cures for genetic disorders is the CRISPR-Cas9 system. CRISPR-Cas9 stands for Clustered Regularly Interspaced...
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Proteins can undergo many types of post-translational modifications, often in response to changes in their environment. These modifications play an important role in the function and stability of these proteins. Covalently linked molecules include functional groups, such as methyl, acetyl, and phosphate groups, and also small proteins, such as ubiquitin. There are around 200 different types of covalent regulators that have been identified.
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The basic structure of RNA consists of a five-carbon sugar and one of four nitrogenous bases. Although most RNA is single-stranded, it can form complex secondary and tertiary structures. Such structures play essential roles in the regulation of transcription and translation.
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In most mammalian species, females have two X sex chromosomes and males have an X and Y. As a result, mutations on the X chromosome in females may be masked by the presence of a normal allele on the second X. In contrast, a mutation on the X chromosome in males more often causes observable biological defects, as there is no normal X to compensate. Trait variations arising from mutations on the X chromosome are called “X-linked”.
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Proteins that regulate transcription can do so either via direct contact with RNA Polymerase or through indirect interactions facilitated by adaptors, mediators, histone-modifying proteins, and nucleosome remodelers. Direct interactions to activate transcription is seen in bacteria as well as in some eukaryotic genes. In these cases, upstream activation sequences are adjacent to the promoters, and the activator proteins interact directly with the transcriptional machinery. For example, in...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR
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CRISPR links to long noncoding RNA function in mice: A practical approach.

Joseph M Miano1, Xiaochun Long2, Qing Lyu1

  • 1Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY, United States of America.

Vascular Pharmacology
|March 2, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

CRISPR genome editing advances the study of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in mice. This review details strategies for interrogating lncRNA function, accelerating discovery in complex diseases.

Keywords:
CRISPRGeneticsGenome editingLong noncoding RNAMouse

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CRISPR Guide RNA Cloning for Mammalian Systems
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Area of Science:

  • Genomics and Molecular Biology
  • RNA Biology
  • Gene Editing Technologies

Background:

  • Next-generation sequencing has identified numerous noncoding RNAs, including microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), crucial for cellular homeostasis.
  • Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) gene editing has revolutionized genome manipulation, particularly in mouse models for functional genomics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an updated overview of CRISPR genome editing tools and strategies for elucidating lncRNA function in mice.
  • To guide researchers in designing experiments to investigate lncRNAs in various genomic contexts and their roles in disease.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing CRISPR-Cas9 and related technologies for targeted genome editing in mice.
  • Developing strategies to analyze lncRNAs located in intergenic regions, as host genes, or in antisense/overlapping/intronic configurations.
  • Employing CRISPR to edit mice carrying human lncRNAs and to study competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs).

Main Results:

  • CRISPR editing facilitates efficient manipulation of the mouse genome for functional studies of lncRNAs.
  • Diverse experimental approaches are presented for interrogating lncRNAs across different genomic locations and architectures.
  • The methods discussed enable modeling of complex diseases involving lncRNAs, aiding translational research.

Conclusions:

  • CRISPR technology offers powerful and accessible tools for dissecting lncRNA functions in vivo.
  • The strategies outlined are essential for advancing our understanding of lncRNA roles in health and disease.
  • This work supports the rigorous experimental design needed for accelerating discoveries in translational medicine.