The neural correlations of spatial attention and working memory deficits in adults with ADHD

Working memory impairment is a typical cognitive abnormality in patients with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and is closely related to attention. Exploring the interaction between working memory and attention in patients with ADHD is of great significance for studying the pathological mechanism of this disease. In this study, electrophysiological markers of attention, posterior contralateral N2 (N2pc), and working memory, contralateral delay activity (CDA), were used to explore the relationship between these two cognitive abilities in patients with ADHD. EEG data were collected from adults with ADHD and age-, sex-, and IQ-matched normal controls while performing a classical visuospatial working memory task that consisted of low-load and high-load memory conditions. In different memory load conditions, the memory array elicited a smaller N2pc (220-260 ms) and a smaller CDA (400-800 ms) in adults with ADHD than in normal controls. Further analysis revealed that the reduced CDA amplitude could be significantly predicted by the earlier and reduced N2pc amplitude in adults with ADHD. Moreover, when the number of memory items increased, the increase in N2pc highly predicted the increases in CDA. Our findings illustrate the relationship between spatial working memory and attention ability in ADHD adults from the neurophysiological aspect that reduced working memory is closely related to insufficient attention ability and provide a potential physiological basis for the pathological mechanism of ADHD.