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The group Stramenopiles include some phototrophic microorganisms. Members of this group possess flagella covered in numerous short, hairlike extensions, a feature that inspired the group's name, derived from the Latin words for "straw" and "hair." Some of the main categories of Stramenopiles include diatoms, golden algae, and brown algae.Diatoms are unicellular, photosynthetic eukaryotes, with over 200 known genera. They play a key role in the planktonic communities of both marine and...
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The kingdom Archaeplastida encompasses red and green algae, along with land plants. Unlike other protists with chloroplasts that arose through secondary endosymbiosis, only red and green algae originated from primary endosymbiotic events. This diverse group of eukaryotic organisms contains chlorophyll and performs oxygenic photosynthesis.Algae exist in various forms, from large brown kelp in coastal waters to green scum in puddles and stains on rocks or soil. Some species are responsible for...
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Electrochemistry is the science involved in the interconversion of electrical and chemical reactions. Such reactions are called reduction-oxidation, or redox reactions. These important reactions are defined by changes in oxidation states for one or more reactant elements and include a subset of reactions involving the transfer of electrons between reactant species. Electrochemistry as a field has evolved to yield sufficient insights on the fundamental principles of redox chemistry and multiple...
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Red Algae01:23

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Red algae, also known as rhodophytes, are primarily found in marine environments, though some species inhabit freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems. These organisms exist in both unicellular and multicellular forms, with some multicellular varieties reaching macroscopic sizes.As phototrophic organisms, red algae contain chlorophyll a; however, their chloroplasts lack chlorophyll b. Instead, they possess phycobiliproteins, which serve as major light-harvesting pigments, similar to those found in...
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Green Algae01:21

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Green algae, also referred to as chlorophytes, are different from red algae in having the chloroplasts containing chlorophylls a and b, which give them their distinct green hue. However, they lack phycobiliproteins, preventing them from developing the red or blue-green pigmentation seen in red algae. In terms of photosynthetic pigment composition, green algae closely resemble plants and share a close evolutionary relationship with them. Taxonomically Green algae belong to Phylum Chlorophyta in...
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The human body gets energy from the three macronutrients: carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Energy is released when the chemical bonds in the organic compounds present in the food are broken down. The energy content of food is measured in kilocalories (kcal), defined as the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one kilogram of water by one degree Celsius. This value is determined by measuring the temperature change of the water surrounding a calorimeter after the complete...
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Algae-bacteria interactions that balance the planktonic microbiome.

Emilio Cirri1, Georg Pohnert1,2

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Microscopic algae and bacteria form complex aquatic communities. Their interactions, including nutrient exchange and competition, drive seasonal shifts and impact global nutrient cycles.

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Area of Science:

  • Aquatic microbiology
  • Marine ecology
  • Biogeochemistry

Background:

  • Phytoplankton and bacteria form complex communities in aquatic environments.
  • Evolutionary history has led to diverse algae-bacteria associations involving nutrient exchange, growth factor support, and resource competition.
  • These interactions are crucial for understanding plankton community dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the cross-kingdom interactions between phytoplankton and bacteria.
  • To explain how these interactions shape plankton community structure and seasonal dynamics.
  • To highlight the impact of these microscopic interactions on global element cycling.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific publications.
  • Analysis of existing research on algae-bacteria interactions.
  • Synthesis of findings on community dynamics and biogeochemical implications.

Main Results:

  • Algae-bacteria associations are characterized by orchestrated nutrient exchange, mutual support, and resource competition.
  • These interactions drive annual, seasonal switching between alternative states of balanced multispecies consortia.
  • Microscopic interactions have significant consequences for global element cycling.

Conclusions:

  • Cross-kingdom interactions are fundamental to plankton community structure and function.
  • Understanding these interactions is key to predicting aquatic ecosystem responses to environmental change.
  • These microbial dynamics play a critical role in regulating Earth's biogeochemical cycles.