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Related Concept Videos

Regulation of Stroke Volume01:27

Regulation of Stroke Volume

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The regulation of stroke volume, which is the amount of blood the heart pumps out during each heartbeat, is critical for maintaining a healthy circulatory system. Stroke volume is influenced by three main factors: preload, contractility, and afterload.
Preload refers to the degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts. It's analogous to the stretching of a rubber band; the more it's stretched, the more forcefully it snaps back. This concept is encapsulated in the Frank-Starling law of the...
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Cardiac output (CO) is an integral aspect of human physiology, reflecting the heart's efficiency and responsiveness to the body's needs. It represents the volume of blood that the left or right ventricle ejects into the aorta or pulmonary trunk each minute. The CO is calculated by multiplying the heart rate (HR)—the number of heartbeats per minute—by the stroke volume (SV)—the amount of blood pumped out with each heartbeat.
In an average resting adult male, the typical cardiac...
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Cardiac Output II: Effect of Stroke Volume on Cardiac Output01:22

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Cardiac output (CO), the amount of blood the heart pumps per minute, is a parameter in cardiovascular physiology determined by stroke volume and heart rate. Stroke volume, the amount of blood pushed from one of the ventricles per heartbeat, is influenced by preload, afterload, and contractility.
Preload
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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
05:46

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Stroke in HIV.

Milana Bogorodskaya1, Felicia C Chow2, Virginia A Triant3

  • 1Division of Infectious Diseases, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.

The Canadian Journal of Cardiology
|March 4, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

People with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) face a higher stroke risk due to both HIV-related factors and traditional risks. Managing HIV and these traditional factors is key to reducing stroke incidence in this population.

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Public Health

Background:

  • Stroke presents heterogeneously in individuals with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).
  • HIV infection elevates stroke risk via HIV-specific and traditional risk factors, influenced by patient age and clinical status.
  • Detectable viremia and immunosuppression are linked to increased stroke risk across all ages in HIV patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the complex relationship between HIV and stroke risk.
  • To highlight the increasing prevalence of stroke in aging individuals with HIV.
  • To underscore the need for tailored stroke management strategies in the HIV-positive population.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on stroke in the context of HIV infection.
  • Analysis of the interplay between HIV-related factors (viremia, immunosuppression) and traditional stroke risk factors.
  • Examination of common stroke etiologies (large- and small-vessel disease, infectious causes) in this demographic.

Main Results:

  • Traditional stroke risk factors become more prevalent in the aging HIV population.
  • Large- and small-vessel diseases are primary causes of stroke in persons with HIV.
  • Current research on stroke management in HIV patients is limited, often mirroring general population guidelines.

Conclusions:

  • Effective management of HIV and reduction of traditional stroke risk factors are crucial for stroke prevention in people living with HIV.
  • Further research is needed to understand HIV-stroke pathophysiology, sex-based differences, and optimal preventative interventions.
  • The increasing age and comorbidity burden in the HIV population will likely drive a continued rise in stroke prevalence.