Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Bacterial Transformation

Bacterial Transformation

In 1928, bacteriologist Frederick Griffith worked on a vaccine for pneumonia, which is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae bacteria. Griffith studied two pneumonia strains in mice: one pathogenic and one non-pathogenic. Only the pathogenic strain killed host mice.
Griffith made an unexpected discovery when he killed the pathogenic strain and mixed its remains with the live, non-pathogenic strain. Not only did the mixture kill host mice, but it also contained living pathogenic bacteria that...

Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Phase Transitions: Sublimation and Deposition

Some solids can transition directly into the gaseous state, bypassing the liquid state, via a process known as sublimation. At room temperature and standard pressure, a piece of dry ice (solid CO2) sublimes, appearing to gradually disappear without ever forming any liquid. Snow and ice sublimate at temperatures below the melting point of water, a slow process that may be accelerated by winds and the reduced atmospheric pressures at high altitudes. When solid iodine is warmed, the solid sublimes...

Phase Transitions

Phase Transitions

Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

Phase Transitions: Vaporization and Condensation

The physical form of a substance changes on changing its temperature. For example, raising the temperature of a liquid causes the liquid to vaporize (convert into vapor). The process is called vaporization—a surface phenomenon. Vaporization occurs when the thermal motion of the molecules overcome the intermolecular forces, and the molecules (at the surface) escape into the gaseous state. When a liquid vaporizes in a closed container, gas molecules cannot escape. As these gas phase molecules...

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Olefin Metathesis Polymerization: Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP)

Ring-opening metathesis polymerization or ROMP involves strained cycloalkenes as starting materials. The mechanism of ROMP proceeds by reacting cycloalkene with Grubbs catalyst to give metallacyclobutane intermediate which undergoes a ring-opening reaction to form new carbene. The new carbene reacts with another molecule of cycloalkene. Repetition of these steps leads to the formation of an unsaturated open-chain polymer product. All these steps are reversible, however, relieving the ring...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Transscleral Diode Laser Coagulation With Temperature Control of Burn Intensity as a New Approach to Metered Laser Effects on the Fundus.

Translational vision science & technology·2026

Same author

Transscleral photodynamic therapy with a chlorin e6: An experimental study of exposure parameters and therapeutic window.

PloS one·2026

Same author

Evolution of a particulate ensemble with fluctuations in particle growth rates.

Journal of physics. Condensed matter : an Institute of Physics journal·2025

Same author

Model for random internalization of nanoparticles by cells.

Physical review. E·2024

Same author

Engulfment and Pushing of Cylindrical Liquid Nano-Inclusion by Advancing Crystal/Melt Interface: An Atomistic Simulation Study.

Nanomaterials (Basel, Switzerland)·2023

Same author

The role of incoming flow on crystallization of undercooled liquids with a two-phase layer.

Scientific reports·2022

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Published on: September 4, 2015

Phase transformations in metastable liquids combined with polymerization.

Alexander A Ivanov¹, Irina V Alexandrova¹, Dmitri V Alexandrov¹

¹Department of Theoretical and Mathematical Physics, Laboratory of Multi-Scale Mathematical Modeling , Ural Federal University , Ekaterinburg 620000 , Russian Federation.

Philosophical Transactions. Series A, Mathematical, Physical, and Engineering Sciences

|March 5, 2019

Summary

This study models crystal nucleation and growth in polymer melts, considering monomer polymerization. Analytical solutions reveal how temperature and particle size evolve during crystallization with polymerization.

Keywords:

crystallization metastable liquid nucleation polymerization

More Related Videos

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

Published on: December 3, 2009

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Phase Diagram Characterization Using Magnetic Beads as Liquid Carriers

Published on: September 4, 2015

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

The Synthesis of [Sn10SiSiMe334]2- Using a Metastable SnI Halide Solution Synthesized via a Co-condensation Technique

Published on: November 28, 2016

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

Using the GELFREE 8100 Fractionation System for Molecular Weight-Based Fractionation with Liquid Phase Recovery

Published on: December 3, 2009

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Chemical Engineering
Polymer Science

Background:

Crystallization in metastable polymer melts is complex, influenced by monomer polymerization.
Understanding nucleation and growth dynamics is crucial for controlling polymer structures.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a mathematical model for crystal nucleation and growth in polymer melts with polymerization.
To derive analytical solutions for steady-state and unsteady-state crystallization processes.

Main Methods:

Formulation of a mathematical model including heat balance, particle-radius distribution, and polymerization degree.
Application of Laplace transforms and saddle-point techniques for solving integro-differential equations.
Derivation of analytical solutions for time-dependent distribution functions, temperature, and polymerization degree.

Main Results:

Exact analytical solutions for steady-state crystallization were obtained.
Unsteady-state analysis yielded analytical solutions for particle-size distribution, temperature, and polymerization degree.
The study provides insights into the influence of polymerization rates and nucleation kinetics.

Conclusions:

The developed analytical method accurately describes crystal nucleation and growth with polymerization in polymer melts.
This approach is applicable to similar phase transitions involving chemical reactions.
The findings contribute to understanding heterogeneous materials with metastable structures.