Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Pilot and Numeric Relaying01:21

Pilot and Numeric Relaying

489
Pilot relaying is a type of differential protection used in power systems. It compares electrical quantities at the terminals of equipment via a communication channel instead of direct relay interconnection. This method is essential for transmission lines where the terminals are far apart, typically up to 80 km for lines with 69 to 115 kV ratings. Four types of communication channels are used for pilot relaying:
489
Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

840
Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
840
Case Studies01:22

Case Studies

13.5K
There are many research methods available to psychologists in their efforts to understand, describe, and explain behavior and the cognitive and biological processes that underlie it.
13.5K
Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies01:28

Imaging Studies I: Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder Studies

340
Kidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) StudiesKidney, Ureter, and Bladder (KUB) studies are standard diagnostic imaging procedures used to assess the anatomy of the urinary system. They are commonly utilized for patients experiencing abdominal pain or urinary symptoms. By using a simple X-ray of the abdomen, KUB studies can reveal structural and pathological abnormalities within the kidneys, ureters, and bladder. These studies are particularly valuable in diagnosing kidney stones, urinary...
340
Longitudinal Studies01:26

Longitudinal Studies

498
Longitudinal studies are also widely used in other medical and social science fields. For instance, in cardiovascular research, they can monitor patients' health over decades to identify risk factors for heart disease, such as high cholesterol or smoking, and evaluate the long-term effectiveness of preventive measures. Similarly, in mental health studies, researchers might follow individuals from adolescence into adulthood to understand the development and progression of conditions like...
498
Observational Studies01:11

Observational Studies

11.0K
Observational studies are a type of analytical study where researchers observe events without any interventions. In other words, the researcher does not influence the response variable or the experiment's outcome.
There are three types of observational studies – Prospective, retrospective, and cross-sectional.
Prospective Study
Prospective studies, also known as longitudinal or cohort studies, are carried out by collecting future data from groups sharing similar characteristics. One...
11.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Effectiveness of office-based vergence/accommodative therapy with movement for accommodative dysfunction in concussion-related convergence insufficiency: a secondary analysis of the CONCUSS randomised clinical trial.

British journal of sports medicine·2026
Same author

Validation of the vision quality of life-time survey: comparison with the convergence insufficiency symptom survey.

Clinical & experimental optometry·2026
Same author

Impact of Blur and Disparity Cues on Accommodation, Vergence, and Pupil Size in Response to Static Stimuli in Adolescents With and Without Concussion.

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science·2026
Same author

Oculomotor Vergence Eye Movement Endurance in Normal Vision via Virtual Reality-Integrated Eye Tracking.

Journal of eye movement research·2026
Same author

Distributed cortical network dynamics of binocular convergent eye movements in humans.

Network neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.)·2026
Same author

Evaluating post-concussion symptom profiles using the convergence insufficiency symptom survey in a pediatric and adolescent cohort.

Frontiers in neuroscience·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice
05:42

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Published on: October 12, 2016

12.5K

Vergence Endurance Test: A Pilot Study for a Concussion Biomarker.

Chang Yaramothu1, Lynn D Greenspan2, Mitchell Scheiman2

  • 11 Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey.

Journal of Neurotrauma
|March 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The Vergence Endurance Test (VET) objectively differentiates concussion patients from controls by analyzing eye movements. Specific vergence parameters, like the Binocular Accuracy Index, showed high accuracy in identifying concussion.

Keywords:
concussion biomarkerobjective concussion metricpost-concussion syndromevergence distractorsvergence eye movements

More Related Videos

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
07:30

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study

Published on: August 18, 2020

7.5K
Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
05:48

Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology

Published on: September 21, 2018

10.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice
05:42

A Repetitive Concussive Head Injury Model in Mice

Published on: October 12, 2016

12.5K
Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study
07:30

Brain Morphology of Cannabis Users With or Without Psychosis: A Pilot MRI Study

Published on: August 18, 2020

7.5K
Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology
05:48

Autonomic Function Following Concussion in Youth Athletes: An Exploration of Heart Rate Variability Using 24-hour Recording Methodology

Published on: September 21, 2018

10.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Ophthalmology
  • Sports Medicine

Background:

  • Concussion diagnosis often relies on subjective symptom reporting.
  • Objective, quantitative measures are needed for reliable concussion assessment.
  • Eye movement abnormalities are common after concussion.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the Vergence Endurance Test (VET) as an objective tool for concussion diagnosis.
  • To differentiate between symptomatic concussed and asymptomatic control subjects using VET.
  • To identify specific vergence parameters indicative of concussion.

Main Methods:

  • Participants included 9 concussed and 9 control subjects.
  • The VET involved presenting vergence step targets with and without distractors.
  • Measurements included vergence latency, peak velocity, response amplitude, settling time, blinks, Binocular Precision Index (BPI), and Binocular Accuracy Index (BAI).

Main Results:

  • Significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between groups in convergence/divergence peak velocity, divergence response amplitude, blink percentage, and BAI.
  • The Binocular Accuracy Index (BAI) and divergence response amplitude demonstrated 78% accuracy in discriminating between concussed and control subjects.
  • VET quantifies changes in vergence performance over time.

Conclusions:

  • The Vergence Endurance Test (VET) shows promise as an objective method for concussion diagnosis.
  • Specific vergence parameters, particularly BAI and divergence response amplitude, are effective discriminators.
  • Future research should explore VET's utility in assessing recovery and therapeutic effectiveness.