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Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Culture of Bladder Cancer Organoids as Precision Medicine Tools
Published on: December 28, 2021
Molecular perturbations in cholangiocarcinoma: Is it time for precision medicine?
Chiara Braconi1,2, Stephanie Roessler3, Beata Kruk4
1Division of Cancer Therapeutics, The Institute of Cancer Research, London, UK.
Abstract:
The complexity of cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) cellularity and the molecular perturbation mechanisms that underlie the diversity of growth patterns of this malignancy remain a clinical concern. Tumours of the biliary system display significant intrinsic chemoresistance, caused by significant stromal involvement and genome-wide tumour heterogeneity, hampering disease remission and palliation as well as promoting the metastatic behaviour. It is crucial to advance our present understanding of the risk and molecular pathogenesis of CCA. This will facilitate the delineation of patient subsets based on molecular perturbations and adjust for precision therapies.
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