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Related Concept Videos

What are Viruses?00:50

What are Viruses?

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Overview
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Lesson: Translation
Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
Translation Produces the Building Blocks of...
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Translation01:31

Translation

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Translation is the process of synthesizing proteins from the genetic information carried by messenger RNA (mRNA). Following transcription, it constitutes the final step in the expression of genes. This process is carried out by ribosomes, complexes of protein and specialized RNA molecules. Ribosomes, transfer RNA (tRNA), and other proteins produce a chain of amino acids—the polypeptide—as the end product of translation.
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Proteins are...
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Initiation of Translation02:33

Initiation of Translation

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Initiating translation is complex because it involves multiple molecules. Initiator tRNA, ribosomal subunits, and eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are all required to assemble on the initiation codon of mRNA. This process consists of several steps that are mediated by different eIFs.
First, the initiator tRNA must be selected from the pool of elongator tRNAs by eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (eIF2). The initiator tRNA (Met-tRNAi) has conserved sequence elements including modified bases at...
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Termination of Translation01:44

Termination of Translation

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The large ribosomal subunit has several important structures essential to translation. These include the peptidyl transferase center (PTC) - which is the site where the peptide bond is formed - and a large, internal, water-filled tube through which the nascent polypeptide moves. This latter structure is called the Peptide Exit Tunnel, and it begins at the PTC and spans the body of the large ribosomal subunit. During translation, as the nascent polypeptide chain is synthesized, it passes through...
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Termination of Translation01:44

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Ex Vivo Infection of Live Tissue with Oncolytic Viruses
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Oncolytic viruses: overcoming translational challenges.

Jordi Martinez-Quintanilla1, Ivan Seah1, Melissa Chua1,2

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Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) uses viruses to destroy cancer cells. New strategies are improving viral delivery, immune evasion, and combination therapies for better cancer treatment outcomes.

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Virology
  • Immunotherapy

Background:

  • Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) utilizes viruses to selectively target and eliminate tumor cells.
  • Despite promising preclinical data, clinical translation of OVT faces challenges in viral delivery, spread, resistance, and host immunity.
  • Overcoming these limitations is crucial for advancing OVT as a cancer therapy.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and highlight innovative strategies for overcoming key obstacles in oncolytic virotherapy.
  • To discuss advancements in engineering oncolytic viruses (OVs) for enhanced tumor targeting and immune system evasion.
  • To explore novel delivery systems and combination therapies to improve OVT efficacy.

Main Methods:

  • Review of recent research and clinical trial data on oncolytic viruses (OVs).
  • Focus on engineering strategies for improved OV targeting, immune evasion, and delivery.
  • Analysis of combination approaches involving OVT and other immunotherapeutic agents.
  • Emphasis on the role of clinically relevant mouse tumor models.

Main Results:

  • Engineered OVs demonstrate improved tumor cell targeting and reduced immunogenicity.
  • Novel delivery systems show potential for enhanced viral biodistribution and tumor penetration.
  • Combination therapies, particularly with other immunotherapies, exhibit synergistic anti-tumor effects.
  • Clinically translatable models facilitate more accurate prediction of therapeutic outcomes.

Conclusions:

  • Strategic engineering of OVs, improved delivery methods, and combination therapies are key to overcoming clinical limitations.
  • Further research utilizing robust preclinical models is essential for successful translation of OVT into effective cancer treatments.
  • Oncolytic virotherapy holds significant promise as a component of future cancer treatment regimens.