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Related Concept Videos

Cell Size01:22

Cell Size

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Cell sizes vary widely among and within organisms. Bacterial cells range between 1-10 micrometers (μm)and are considerably smaller than most eukaryotic cells. The smallest bacteria are 0.1 μm in diameter—about a thousand times smaller than eukaryotic cells, which typically range from 10-100 μm.
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Potential Energy00:52

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The energy stored by a structure and location of matter in space is called potential energy. For instance, raising a kettlebell changes its spatial location and increases its potential energy. Similarly, a stretched rubber band contains potential energy which, under certain conditions, can be converted into other forms of energy, such as kinetic energy.
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On comparing the reactivity of silver and lead, it is observed that the two ionic species, Ag+ (aq) and Pb2+ (aq), show a difference in their redox reactivity towards copper: the silver ion undergoes spontaneous reduction, while the lead ion does not. This relative redox activity can be easily quantified in electrochemical cells by a property called cell potential. This property is commonly known as cell voltage in electrochemistry, and it is a measure of the energy which accompanies the charge...
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Thermodynamics of a Redox Reaction
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Brick Sizes01:21

Brick Sizes

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Brick sizing plays a crucial role in construction, influencing both the aesthetics and structural integrity of buildings. Bricks are defined by three dimensions: width, thickness, and length. They are commonly designed to fit modular measurements, typically in multiples of 4 inches or 8 inches in width, to facilitate uniform construction and compatibility with other building materials.
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Trends in Lattice Energy: Ion Size and Charge02:54

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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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Potential moderators of the portion size effect.

Faris M Zuraikat1, Alissa D Smethers1, Barbara J Rolls1

  • 1Department of Nutritional Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.

Physiology & Behavior
|March 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Individuals eat more from larger portions, but knowledge alone doesn't explain this. Decision-making, food's inherent value, and orosensory factors like eating rate significantly influence portion size effects.

Keywords:
Bite sizeFood intakeIndividual differencesModeratorsNormsPortion sizeValue

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Area of Science:

  • Behavioral Science
  • Nutritional Science
  • Psychology

Background:

  • The portion size effect, where larger portions lead to increased food intake, is a well-documented phenomenon.
  • Understanding the psychological and physiological drivers of this effect is crucial for public health.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and synthesize recent research on the moderators of the portion size effect.
  • To identify potential underlying factors influencing why individuals consume more from larger portions.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic review of studies investigating moderators of the portion size effect.
  • Analysis of factors including environmental cues, food characteristics, and individual differences.

Main Results:

  • Portion size information (labeling, training) did not reduce intake from larger portions.
  • Decision-making processes, particularly the perceived value of food, play a role.
  • Orosensory factors, such as increased bite size and eating rate, are associated with larger portions.
  • Reduced oral processing time may delay sensory-specific satiety, contributing to increased intake.

Conclusions:

  • Knowledge deficits are insufficient to explain the portion size effect.
  • Value perception and orosensory processing are significant moderators.
  • Multiple interacting factors likely contribute to the portion size effect across diverse contexts and individuals.