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Precipitation Processes01:12

Precipitation Processes

6.2K
The experimental conditions in a gravimetric analysis should be optimized to maximize the particle size and purity of the obtained precipitate. Ideally, the concentration of the precipitating reagent should be low with effective stirring to maintain low relative supersaturation for the growth of large crystals. In homogeneous precipitation, the precipitant is slowly generated by a chemical reaction in the solution to avoid local reagent excesses. For example, urea decomposes gradually to...
6.2K
Precipitation Reactions03:10

Precipitation Reactions

65.0K
In a precipitation reaction, aqueous solutions of soluble salts react to give an insoluble ionic compound – the precipitate. The reaction occurs when oppositely charged ions in solution overcome their attraction for water and bind to each other, forming a precipitate that separates out from the solution. Since such reactions involve the exchange of ions between ionic compounds in aqueous solution, they are also referred to as double displacement, double replacement, exchange reactions, or...
65.0K
Precipitation and Co-precipitation01:17

Precipitation and Co-precipitation

4.3K
Precipitation and coprecipitation methods can be used to separate a mixture of ions in a solution. In qualitative inorganic analysis, ions that form sparingly soluble precipitates with the same reagent are separated based on the differences in solubility products. For example, consider the separation of Cu(II) and Fe(II) ions by precipitation as insoluble sulfides. First, copper(II) sulfide is precipitated by the addition of acidic H2S, where the dissociation of H2S is suppressed. Adding H2S...
4.3K
Precipitation of Ions03:11

Precipitation of Ions

30.2K
Predicting Precipitation
The equation that describes the equilibrium between solid calcium carbonate and its solvated ions is:
30.2K
Precipitation Gravimetry01:03

Precipitation Gravimetry

15.4K
Precipitation gravimetry is based on converting an analyte into a sparingly soluble precipitate, which is separated by filtration and weighed. An ideal precipitate should be pure, insoluble, of known composition, and easily filtered from the reaction mixture.
In determining nickel by gravimetric analysis, a precipitant of ethanolic dimethylglyoxime is added to a hot nickel salt solution. This is quickly followed by the dropwise addition of dilute ammonia solution until precipitation occurs. A...
15.4K
Colloidal precipitates01:09

Colloidal precipitates

6.5K
The high insolubility of some precipitates can result in an unfavorable relative supersaturation. This can lead to colloidal particles with a large surface-to-mass ratio, where adsorption is promoted. For instance, in the precipitation of silver chloride, silver ions are adsorbed on the surface of the colloidal particles, forming a primary layer. This layer attracts ions of opposite charge (such as nitrate ions), forming a diffuse secondary layer of adsorbed ions. This electric double layer...
6.5K

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A New Mass-Based Discretized Population Balance Model for Precipitation Processes: Application to Struvite

B Elduayen-Echave1, I Lizarralde1, G S Larraona2

  • 1Ceit, Manuel Lardizabal 15, 20018, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain; Universidad de Navarra, Tecnun Escuela de Ingenieros, Manuel Lardizabal 13, 20018, Donostia/San Sebastián, Spain.

Water Research
|March 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

This study introduces a mass-based population balance model for precipitation processes, incorporating particle size distribution for enhanced simulation and optimization. Model parameter identifiability is crucial and depends on experimental data, impacting precipitation mechanism understanding.

Keywords:
Identifiability AnalysisPopulation Balance ModelSensitivity AnalysisStruvite Precipitation

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Area of Science:

  • Chemical Engineering
  • Environmental Science
  • Process Modeling

Background:

  • Current precipitation models lack particle size distribution, hindering optimization.
  • Accurate simulation requires incorporating particle size dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and evaluate a mass-based population balance model (PBM) for precipitation processes.
  • To assess the identifiability of PBM parameters using sensitivity and collinearity analyses.
  • To calibrate the model using experimental data for struvite precipitation.

Main Methods:

  • Constructed a mass-based population balance model using stoichiometric matrices and kinetic vectors.
  • Performed sensitivity and collinearity analyses on six simulation case studies.
  • Calibrated model parameters against two laboratory batch tests for struvite precipitation.

Main Results:

  • Parameter identifiability is contingent upon the quality and scope of experimental data.
  • Identifiability issues may explain variations in reported precipitation mechanism parameters.
  • The study elucidates the capabilities and constraints of the PBM approach.

Conclusions:

  • The developed mass-based PBM effectively integrates particle size distribution into precipitation modeling.
  • Understanding parameter identifiability is key for reliable model application and interpretation.
  • This work provides insights into optimizing precipitation technologies through simulation.