Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Second Law of Thermodynamics02:49

Second Law of Thermodynamics

26.9K
In the quest to identify a property that may reliably predict the spontaneity of a process, a promising candidate has been identified: entropy. Processes that involve an increase in entropy of the system (ΔS > 0) are very often spontaneous; however, examples to the contrary are plentiful. By expanding consideration of entropy changes to include the surroundings, a significant conclusion regarding the relation between this property and spontaneity may be reached. In thermodynamic models, the...
26.9K
Second Law of Thermodynamics00:53

Second Law of Thermodynamics

68.3K
The Second Law of Thermodynamics states that entropy, or the amount of disorder in a system, increases each time energy is transferred or transformed. Each energy transfer results in a certain amount of energy that is lost—usually in the form of heat—that increases the disorder of the surroundings. This can also be demonstrated in a classic food web. Herbivores harvest chemical energy from plants and release heat and carbon dioxide into the environment. Carnivores harvest the...
68.3K
Third Law of Thermodynamics02:38

Third Law of Thermodynamics

21.9K
A pure, perfectly crystalline solid possessing no kinetic energy (that is, at a temperature of absolute zero, 0 K) may be described by a single microstate, as its purity, perfect crystallinity,and complete lack of motion means there is but one possible location for each identical atom or molecule comprising the crystal (W = 1). According to the Boltzmann equation, the entropy of this system is zero.
21.9K
First Law of Thermodynamics00:37

First Law of Thermodynamics

80.6K
The First Law of Thermodynamics states that energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. This can be demonstrated within a classic food web where light energy from the sun is harnessed as radiant energy by plants, converted into chemical energy, and stored as complex carbohydrates. The vegetation is then consumed by animals and during the digestion process, the sugars release energy as heat. The sugars also produce chemical energy that either gets used up doing work, stored in...
80.6K
First Law of Thermodynamics02:16

First Law of Thermodynamics

40.8K
Energy Conservation
40.8K
Pipe Flowrate Measurement01:28

Pipe Flowrate Measurement

1.2K
In pipe flow measurement, orifice, nozzle, and Venturi meters are commonly used to determine fluid flowrates by constricting the flow area, which increases fluid velocity and reduces pressure. This pressure difference, governed by Bernoulli's principle and adjusted for real-world conditions, is essential for calculating flowrate. Each meter type is suited to specific applications based on accuracy, efficiency, and compatibility with various flow conditions.
The orifice meter is a simple,...
1.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Experimental Observations of DNA Vertex Pinning: Effect of Adsorbed Polymer Type and Electric Field Reversal.

Langmuir : the ACS journal of surfaces and colloids·2026
Same author

Reaction Kinetics of CRISPR <i>trans</i>-Cleavage Controlled Using Isotachophoresis.

Analytical chemistry·2025
Same author

Microfluidic networks using isotachophoresis.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2025
Same author

Engineering guidelines for CRISPR diagnostics.

Chemical communications (Cambridge, England)·2025
Same author

Degradation of Reporter Molecules Imposes a Fundamental Limit of Detection on CRISPR Diagnostics.

Analytical chemistry·2025
Same author

A three-dimensional microfluidic device embedded within a thermal cycler tube for electrokinetic DNA extraction.

Lab on a chip·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees
08:31

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Published on: December 27, 2017

13.2K

High water recovery and improved thermodynamic efficiency for capacitive deionization using variable flowrate

Ashwin Ramachandran1, Diego I Oyarzun2, Steven A Hawks3

  • 1Department of Aeronautics & Astronautics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, United States.

Water Research
|March 5, 2019
PubMed
Summary

A new capacitive deionization (CDI) method using variable flow rates significantly boosts water recovery to ~90%. This innovative approach enhances efficiency with minimal impact on salt removal and energy consumption for desalination.

Keywords:
Capacitive deionizationHigh water recoveryImproved thermodynamic efficiencyVariable flowrate operationWater desalination

More Related Videos

A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine
04:58

A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine

Published on: August 13, 2019

8.0K
Dynamic Multiparameter Platelet Function Assessment Using a Capacitive Biosensor
06:32

Dynamic Multiparameter Platelet Function Assessment Using a Capacitive Biosensor

Published on: May 2, 2025

782

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees
08:31

The Calibration and Use of Capacitance Sensors to Monitor Stem Water Content in Trees

Published on: December 27, 2017

13.2K
A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine
04:58

A Rapid Method for Modeling a Variable Cycle Engine

Published on: August 13, 2019

8.0K
Dynamic Multiparameter Platelet Function Assessment Using a Capacitive Biosensor
06:32

Dynamic Multiparameter Platelet Function Assessment Using a Capacitive Biosensor

Published on: May 2, 2025

782

Area of Science:

  • Water treatment technologies
  • Electrochemical separation processes

Background:

  • Water recovery is a key performance metric in desalination.
  • Conventional capacitive deionization (CDI) methods are limited to approximately 50% water recovery.
  • Improving water recovery is crucial for efficient desalination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce and evaluate a novel variable flow rate operating scheme for capacitive deionization (CDI).
  • To enhance water recovery in CDI systems beyond conventional limitations.
  • To assess the impact of this new scheme on thermodynamic efficiency, salt removal, energy consumption, and throughput.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental demonstration of a variable flow rate CDI operating scheme.
  • Systematic study under constant current and constant voltage charge-discharge modes.
  • Comparison of variable flow rate operation against conventional constant flow rate methods.

Main Results:

  • The variable flow rate operation significantly increased water recovery in CDI to approximately 90%.
  • Thermodynamic efficiency was improved by 2- to 3-fold compared to constant flow rate operation.
  • High water recovery was achieved with minimal reductions in salt removal, energy consumption, and volume throughput.

Conclusions:

  • A novel variable flow rate scheme effectively enhances water recovery in CDI.
  • This method offers a cost-effective solution for improving desalination efficiency.
  • Simple flow control schemes can readily improve CDI performance.