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Lattice Centering and Coordination Number02:33

Lattice Centering and Coordination Number

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The structure of a crystalline solid, whether a metal or not, is best described by considering its simplest repeating unit, which is referred to as its unit cell. The unit cell consists of lattice points that represent the locations of atoms or ions. The entire structure then consists of this unit cell repeating in three dimensions. The three different types of unit cells present in the cubic lattice are illustrated in Figure 1.
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An ionic compound is stable because of the electrostatic attraction between its positive and negative ions. The lattice energy of a compound is a measure of the strength of this attraction. The lattice energy (ΔHlattice) of an ionic compound is defined as the energy required to separate one mole of the solid into its component gaseous ions. For the ionic solid sodium chloride, the lattice energy is the enthalpy change of the process:
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When a substance—isolated from its environment—is subjected to heat changes, corresponding changes in temperature and phase of the substance is observed; this is graphically represented by heating and cooling curves.
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Trapping of Micro Particles in Nanoplasmonic Optical Lattice
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A compact and robust cooling laser system for an optical strontium lattice clock.

Roman Schwarz1, Sören Dörscher1, Ali Al-Masoudi1

  • 1Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt, Bundesallee 100, 38116 Braunschweig, Germany.

The Review of Scientific Instruments
|March 6, 2019
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We developed a robust laser system for cooling strontium-87 atoms. This system uses a single laser source for two-color cooling, enabling precise optical clocks for transportable and spaceborne applications.

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Area of Science:

  • Atomic, Molecular, and Optical Physics
  • Quantum Optics
  • Metrology

Background:

  • Precise atomic clocks are crucial for fundamental physics tests and advanced technologies.
  • Cooling neutral atoms to narrow-line transitions is essential for high-precision spectroscopy.
  • Strontium-87 (Sr) is a leading candidate for next-generation optical atomic clocks due to its favorable atomic properties.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a simple, robust, and reliable laser system for narrow-line cooling of 87Sr.
  • To demonstrate simultaneous addressing of two hyperfine lines of the 87Sr (5s2)1S0 → (5s5p)3P1 transition.
  • To assess the suitability of the laser system for transportable and spaceborne optical clock applications.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing a single laser source with sidebands generated by an electro-optical phase modulator to address two hyperfine lines simultaneously.
  • Employing a tapered amplifier system to achieve laser powers up to 90 mW.
  • Characterizing the phase modulation stability of the amplified laser light.

Main Results:

  • A compact and robust laser system capable of two-color, narrow-line cooling of 87Sr was successfully implemented.
  • Simultaneous addressing of two hyperfine lines was achieved using phase modulation sidebands.
  • Amplification of the laser light was shown to preserve the phase modulation, ensuring system stability.

Conclusions:

  • The developed laser system is highly reliable and suitable for demanding applications.
  • Its compact design and robustness make it ideal for transportable and spaceborne optical clocks.
  • The system's design has potential for further miniaturization into a fully integrated package.