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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Evaluation of Stem Cell Properties in Human Ovarian Carcinoma Cells Using Multi and Single Cell-based Spheres Assays
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Single-Epoch, Single-Frequency Multi-GNSS L5 RTK under High-Elevation Masking.

Kan Wang1, Pei Chen2, Peter J G Teunissen3,4

  • 1Department of Spatial Sciences, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia. kan.wang@curtin.edu.au.

Sensors (Basel, Switzerland)
|March 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Combining Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) like GPS, Galileo, QZSS, and IRNSS on the L5 signal significantly enhances precise positioning accuracy, especially under challenging high-elevation masking conditions.

Keywords:
L5 frequencyhigh elevation maskinginstantaneous positioningmulti-GNSSsingle-epoch ambiguity resolution

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Area of Science:

  • Geodesy and Geomatics
  • Satellite Navigation Systems
  • Signal Processing

Background:

  • Four Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSSs) – GPS, Galileo, Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS), and Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System (IRNSS) – provide precise L5 signals.
  • High-elevation masking (up to 40 degrees) presents challenges for single-system GNSS positioning.
  • Multi-GNSS Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) positioning using L5 signals can improve performance in constrained environments.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze the precise positioning capabilities of a multi-GNSS model using single-frequency (L5) and single-epoch (instantaneous) measurements.
  • To evaluate the performance under high-elevation masking conditions (up to 40 degrees).
  • To assess the impact of combining L5 signals from GPS, Galileo, QZSS, and IRNSS on ambiguity resolution and positioning accuracy.

Main Methods:

  • Instantaneous multi-GNSS L5 RTK analysis was performed in the Asia-Australia region.
  • Ambiguity resolution success rates (ASR) and positioning performance were evaluated for various baselines.
  • Empirical analysis was conducted for two baselines in Perth, Australia, with simulations for low-cost receivers.

Main Results:

  • Combining L5 signals from GPS, Galileo, QZSS, and IRNSS significantly improved ASR and positioning performance under high elevation masks compared to standalone systems.
  • Single-system ASR was below 50% with a 10-degree elevation mask, while multi-GNSS ASR exceeded 95% with a 40-degree mask.
  • Multi-GNSS positioning provided mm-to-cm level ambiguity-fixed standard deviations for almost the entire day with a 40-degree mask.

Conclusions:

  • Multi-GNSS L5 RTK positioning is feasible and highly effective even with high elevation masks.
  • Combining L5 signals from multiple GNSSs dramatically improves reliability and accuracy in challenging environments.
  • This approach enables robust positioning in areas with limited satellite visibility and reduced multipath effects.