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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Orbitals02:44

Atomic Orbitals

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An atomic orbital represents the three-dimensional regions in an atom where an electron has the highest probability to reside. The radial distribution function indicates the total probability of finding an electron within the thin shell at a distance r from the nucleus. The atomic orbitals have distinct shapes which are determined by l, the angular momentum quantum number. The orbitals are often drawn with a boundary surface, enclosing densest regions of the cloud.
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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
The first shell is closest to the nucleus, and it has only one subshell with a single spherical orbital called the...
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Hybridization of Atomic Orbitals I03:24

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The mathematical expression known as the wave function, ψ, contains information about each orbital and the wavelike properties of electrons in an isolated atom. When atoms are bound together in a molecule, the wave functions combine to produce new mathematical descriptions that have different shapes. This process of combining the wave functions for atomic orbitals is called hybridization and is mathematically accomplished by the linear combination of atomic orbitals. The new orbitals that...
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures
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Three-Dimensional Reconstruction of Orbital Fractures

Published on: May 16, 2025

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Orbital Atherectomy: A Comprehensive Review.

Evan Shlofmitz1, Richard Shlofmitz2, Michael S Lee3

  • 1MedStar Washington Hospital Center, 110 Irving Street, Suite 4B1, Washington, DC 20010, USA.

Interventional Cardiology Clinics
|March 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Orbital atherectomy effectively modifies calcified plaque, optimizing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) outcomes. This technique is crucial for preparing complex lesions before stent implantation, improving results in challenging cases.

Keywords:
AtherectomyCalcified coronary lesionCoronary artery calcificationOrbital atherectomyPercutaneous coronary intervention

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Interventional Cardiology
  • Vascular Medicine

Background:

  • Heavily calcified lesions pose significant challenges during percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).
  • These complex lesions are linked to poorer clinical outcomes and difficulties in achieving adequate stent expansion.
  • Proper lesion preparation is critical for successful PCI outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the role of orbital atherectomy in preparing severely calcified coronary lesions.
  • To assess the safety and efficacy of plaque modification using orbital atherectomy prior to stenting.
  • To determine if this approach optimizes PCI results in complex coronary anatomies.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized orbital atherectomy as a plaque modification technique.
  • Performed atherectomy to ablate calcified plaque in challenging coronary lesions.
  • Followed atherectomy with stent implantation to treat the prepared lesions.

Main Results:

  • Orbital atherectomy demonstrated safety and effectiveness in ablating calcified plaque.
  • Plaque modification with orbital atherectomy facilitated improved lesion preparation.
  • The technique is valuable for optimizing stent expansion in calcified lesions.

Conclusions:

  • Orbital atherectomy is a safe and effective method for treating heavily calcified coronary lesions.
  • Lesion preparation with orbital atherectomy before stenting can optimize PCI outcomes.
  • This approach is beneficial for managing complex PCI cases involving severe calcification.