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Related Concept Videos

Arteries of the Head and Neck01:26

Arteries of the Head and Neck

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The human body's intricate network of arteries ensures that every organ system receives the necessary oxygen and nutrients for optimal function. The arterial network in the head and neck region is particularly complex, providing vital blood flow to the brain, eyes, and other critical structures. Prominent arteries in this region include the internal carotid arteries and the vertebral arteries.
The internal carotid arteries supply blood to the anterior portion of the cerebrum. They enter the...
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Veins of Head and Neck01:19

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The blood drainage from the head and neck is primarily managed by three pairs of veins: the external jugular, internal jugular, and vertebral veins. The external jugular veins drain superficial scalp and face structures, passing over the sternocleidomastoid muscles to empty into the subclavian veins.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Muscles of the Anterior Neck01:26

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The anterior neck muscles are the group of muscles covering the front part of the neck. These muscles are classified into three subgroups. The first one is the superficial muscles, the most visible muscles in the front of the neck. It includes the platysma and sternocleidomastoid. The second group is the suprahyoid muscles, located above the hyoid bone. This group comprises the digastric, mylohyoid, geniohyoid, and stylohyoid. Lastly, the infrahyoid muscles are found below the hyoid bone and...
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Muscles that Move the Head01:19

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The muscles that move the head are a dynamic and complex group of structures that work together to facilitate a wide range of head movements, including rotation, flexion, extension, and lateral bending.
The bilateral sternocleidomastoid, or SCM, and the suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles are significant head flexors. The SCM muscles originate at the sternum and clavicle and attach to the mastoid process of the temporal bone. The SCM contracts bilaterally to bend the head forward, whereas...
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Cancer

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Cancers arise due to mutations in genes involved in the regulation of cell division, which leads to unrestricted cell proliferation. Modern science and medicine have made great strides in the understanding and treatment of cancer, including eradicating cancer in some patients. However, there is still no cure for cancer. This is largely due to the fact that cancer is a large group of many diseases.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Porcine As a Training Module for Head and Neck Microvascular Reconstruction
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Immunotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer.

Felix Sim1, Rom Leidner2, Richard Bryan Bell3

  • 1Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, 300 Grattan Street, Parkville, Victoria 3050, Australia; Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Monash Health, 823 Centre Road, Bentleigh East, Victoria 3165, Australia; Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Unit, Barwon Health, Ryrie Street & Bellerine Street, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia.

Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America
|March 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary

The immune system influences head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) progression. Understanding immune evasion and the tumor microenvironment is key to developing new immunotherapies for HNSCC patients.

Keywords:
Adoptive T-cell transferCheckpoint inhibitorHead and neck cancerImmunotherapyOncolytic virusSquamous cell carcinoma

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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Cancer Biology

Background:

  • The immune system plays a critical role in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) development and progression.
  • Immune evasion by cancer cells facilitates HNSCC advancement.
  • Tumor-induced alterations in the microenvironment can promote cancer metastasis, angiogenesis, and growth.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide an overview of the interactions between immune infiltrating cells within the tumor microenvironment.
  • To discuss the immunologic principles relevant to HNSCC.
  • To present current immunotherapeutic strategies and emerging clinical trial results for HNSCC.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on tumor immunology and HNSCC.
  • Analysis of the role of immune cells in the HNSCC tumor microenvironment.
  • Synthesis of information on current and emerging immunotherapies.

Main Results:

  • The immune system's complex interaction with HNSCC can be both tumor-promoting and tumor-inhibiting.
  • Immune evasion is a significant mechanism driving HNSCC progression.
  • The tumor microenvironment is a critical factor in modulating immune responses against HNSCC.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the interplay between the immune system and HNSCC is crucial for therapeutic development.
  • Exploiting the tumor microenvironment and immune responses offers potential for novel HNSCC treatments.
  • Current immunotherapeutic strategies show promise, with ongoing trials evaluating their efficacy in HNSCC patients.