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Particles in a solid are tightly packed together (fixed shape) and often arranged in a regular pattern; in a liquid, they are close together with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape); in a gas, they are far apart with no regular arrangement (no fixed shape). Particles in a solid vibrate about fixed positions (cannot flow) and do not generally move in relation to one another; in a liquid, they move past each other (can flow) but remain in essentially constant contact; in a gas, they move...
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Alkynes can be reduced to trans-alkenes using sodium or lithium in liquid ammonia. The reaction, known as dissolving metal reduction, proceeds with an anti addition of hydrogen across the carbon–carbon triple bond to form the trans product. Since ammonia exists as a gas (bp = −33°C) at room temperature, the reaction is carried out at low temperatures using a mixture of dry ice (sublimes at −78°C) and acetone. 
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Metallic solids such as crystals of copper, aluminum, and iron are formed by metal atoms. The structure of metallic crystals is often described as a uniform distribution of atomic nuclei within a “sea” of delocalized electrons. The atoms within such a metallic solid are held together by a unique force known as metallic bonding that gives rise to many useful and varied bulk properties.
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Solids in which the atoms, ions, or molecules are arranged in a definite repeating pattern are known as crystalline solids. Metals and ionic compounds typically form ordered, crystalline solids. A crystalline solid has a precise melting temperature because each atom or molecule of the same type is held in place with the same forces or energy. Amorphous solids or non-crystalline solids (or, sometimes, glasses) which lack an ordered internal structure and are randomly arranged. Substances that...
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Crystalline solids are divided into four types: molecular, ionic, metallic, and covalent network based on the type of constituent units and their interparticle interactions.
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Sulfate reduction at micro-aerobic solid-liquid interface in landfill.

Luyao Ying1, Yuyang Long1, Lihua Yao1

  • 1Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Waste Treatment and Recycling, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Gongshang University, Hangzhou, 310012, China.

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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) can be produced in micro-aerobic landfill conditions, challenging the view of anaerobic metabolism. Leachate protects bacteria, enhancing H2S emissions even with oxygen present.

Keywords:
H(2)SLandfillLeachateMicro-aerobic

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental microbiology
  • Geochemistry
  • Waste management

Background:

  • Traditionally, sulfate reduction and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) production are considered strictly anaerobic processes.
  • Landfill environments present complex interfaces where micro-aerobic conditions can occur.
  • Understanding H2S generation under these conditions is crucial for environmental control.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate sulfate-reduction behavior at micro-aerobic solid-liquid interfaces in landfills.
  • To quantify H2S emission under varying oxygen concentrations.
  • To elucidate the role of leachate in microbial survival and activity.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of sulfate reduction in landfill material under micro-aerobic conditions.
  • Measurement of H2S concentrations at different oxygen levels.
  • Analysis of leachate's protective effect on sulfate-reducing bacteria.

Main Results:

  • H2S emission was enhanced by oxygen exposure, peaking at 56.54 mg·m⁻³ with 2% O₂.
  • This emission was 4.5 times higher than under anaerobic conditions.
  • Leachate protected anaerobic sulfate-reducing bacteria, enabling significant sulfate reduction in micro-aerobic environments.
  • Oxidation-reduction cycling maintained high sulfate levels and continuous H2S emission risk.

Conclusions:

  • Sulfate reduction and H2S production can occur under micro-aerobic landfill conditions.
  • Leachate plays a key role in sustaining microbial activity and H2S release.
  • Findings provide a theoretical basis for managing H2S emissions in landfills.