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What is Gene Expression?

What is Gene Expression?

Overview
Gene expression is the process in which DNA directs the synthesis of functional products, that is, proteins. Cells can regulate gene expression at various stages. It allows organisms to generate different cell types and enables cells to adapt to internal and external factors.
Genetic Information Flows from DNA to RNA to Protein
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A gene is a stretch of DNA that serves as the blueprint for functional RNAs and proteins. Since DNA is comprised of nucleotides and proteins are comprised of amino acids, a mediator is required to convert the information encoded in DNA into proteins. This mediator is the messenger RNA (mRNA). mRNA copies the blueprint from DNA by a process called transcription. In eukaryotes, transcription occurs in the nucleus by complementary base-pairing with the DNA template. The mRNA is then...

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Multicellular organisms contain a variety of structurally and functionally distinct cell types, but the DNA in all the cells originated from the same parent cells. The differences in the cells can be attributed to the differential gene expression. Liver cells, whose functions include detoxification of blood, production of bile to metabolize fats, and synthesis of proteins essential for metabolism, must express a specific set of genes to perform their functions. Gene expression also varies with...

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Chromatin Position Affects Gene Expression

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mRNA Stability and Gene Expression

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Methodology for the Study of Horizontal Gene Transfer in Staphylococcus aureus

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Dual Gene Expression Analysis Identifies Factors Associated with Staphylococcus aureus Virulence in Diabetic Mice.

Rudy Jacquet¹, Annette E LaBauve², Lavoisier Akoolo³

¹Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.

Infection and Immunity

|March 6, 2019

Summary

Diabetic conditions increase Staphylococcus aureus skin infections. In diabetic mice, S. aureus upregulates Clp proteases, crucial virulence factors, leading to more severe infections.

Keywords:

Clp protease Staphylococcus aureus diabetes host-pathogen interactions

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Pathogenesis
Diabetes Complications

Background:

Staphylococcus aureus is a significant cause of skin infections.
Diabetes mellitus is a global health concern, often leading to severe S. aureus wound infections.
The impact of the diabetic milieu on S. aureus virulence is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate how the diabetic environment influences S. aureus skin infections.
To identify transcriptional changes in S. aureus during infection in diabetic hosts.
To determine the role of specific bacterial virulence factors, like Clp proteases, in diabetic S. aureus infections.

Main Methods:

Utilized mouse models of type I and type II diabetes.
Employed dual gene expression analysis to compare host and bacterial responses.
Generated and tested S. aureus mutant strains lacking key Clp protease genes (clpX, clpC, clpP).

Main Results:

Diabetic mice showed increased susceptibility to S. aureus skin infection.
S. aureus from diabetic mice exhibited altered gene expression, notably increased translation/chaperone genes and decreased amino acid metabolism genes.
Clp protease genes (clpX, clpC, clpP) were upregulated in S. aureus from diabetic lesions and are partially glucose-regulated.
S. aureus strains lacking Clp proteases (especially ClpP and ClpX) were significantly attenuated in virulence, showing reduced dermonecrosis and bacterial burden in both normal and diabetic mice.

Conclusions:

The diabetic environment alters S. aureus gene expression and virulence.
The Clp protease system is a critical virulence determinant for S. aureus in skin infections, particularly in diabetic individuals.
Targeting bacterial Clp proteases may offer a therapeutic strategy for S. aureus infections in diabetic patients.