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Structure and Function of Platelets

Structure and Function of Platelets

The cell fragments known as platelets are disc-shaped, with an average diameter of about 3 μm and a thickness of roughly 1 μm. They play a crucial role in the body's vascular clotting system, which also involves plasma proteins, blood cells, and blood vessel tissues.
Platelets are continually replenished, circulating in the bloodstream for 9-12 days before being removed by phagocytes, primarily in the spleen. A microliter of circulating blood contains between 150,000 and 450,000...

Formation of the Platelet Plug

Formation of the Platelet Plug

The platelet phase, the second stage of hemostasis, commences around 15-20 seconds after an injury. It follows and overlaps with the vascular phase, during which blood vessels constrict to minimize blood loss.
As the injured blood vessel contracts, endothelial cells undergo contraction, revealing collagen fibers in the basement membrane and underlying connective tissue. Furthermore, the plasma membrane of endothelial cells becomes adhesive, preparing the site for platelet adhesion. Platelets...

Tumor Immunotherapy

Tumor Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.

Tumor Progression

Tumor Progression

Tumor progression is a phenomenon where the pre-formed tumor acquires successive mutations to become clinically more aggressive and malignant. In the 1950s, Foulds first described the stepwise progression of cancer cells through successive stages.
Colon cancer is one of the best-documented examples of tumor progression. Early mutation in the APC gene in colon cells causes a small growth on the colon wall called a polyp. With time, this polyp grows into a benign, pre-cancerous tumor. Further...

The Tumor Microenvironment

The Tumor Microenvironment

Every normal cell or tissue is embedded in a complex local environment called stroma, consisting of different cell types, a basal membrane, and blood vessels. As normal cells mutate and develop into cancer cells, their local environment also changes to allow cancer progression. The tumor microenvironment (TME) consists of a complex cellular matrix of stromal cells and the developing tumor. The cross-talk between cancer cells and surrounding stromal cells is critical to disrupt normal tissue...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Procoagulant Platelet Characterization by Measuring Phosphatidylserine Exposure and Microvesicle Release from Human Purified Platelets

Procoagulant Platelet Characterization by Measuring Phosphatidylserine Exposure and Microvesicle Release from Human Purified Platelets

Published on: November 29, 2024

Tumor-educated platelets.

Sjors G J G In 't Veld¹, Thomas Wurdinger¹

¹Department of Neurosurgery, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Brain Tumor Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.

|March 6, 2019

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Liquid biopsies offer a less invasive way to detect cancer. This study focuses on tumor-educated platelets (TEPs), a promising biomarker in blood tests for cancer management.

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Area of Science:

Oncology
Biomarker Discovery
Molecular Diagnostics

Background:

Liquid biopsies are minimally invasive alternatives to tissue biopsies for cancer management.
Current liquid biopsy approaches analyze circulating tumor DNA, circulating tumor cells, extracellular vesicles, and tumor-educated platelets (TEPs).
Each liquid biopsy technique presents unique advantages and limitations.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide deeper insights into tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) as a liquid biopsy biomarker.
To highlight the potential of TEPs in cancer management.
To discuss the specific characteristics and applications of TEPs.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on liquid biopsies and TEPs.
Analysis of TEPs as a biomarker in cancer detection and monitoring.
Comparison of TEPs with other circulating biomarkers.

Main Results:

TEPs represent a significant area of research within liquid biopsies.
TEPs offer a unique and potentially advantageous biomarker profile.
Further investigation into TEPs is warranted to fully understand their clinical utility.

Conclusions:

Tumor-educated platelets (TEPs) show considerable promise as a component of liquid biopsy strategies.
Understanding the nuances of TEPs is crucial for advancing non-invasive cancer diagnostics.
TEPs warrant continued research and development for effective cancer management.