Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Focusing of Light in the Eye

Light rays enter the eye through the cornea, a transparent dome-shaped tissue that is the eye's outermost layer. The cornea bends or refracts, light rays traveling to the pupil. The shape of the cornea determines how much of the light is bent and whether the image will be focused correctly on the retina at the back of the eye. Once the light has passed through both refraction layers, it converges into a single focal point onto a small area. This is where photoreceptors start transforming...

Light as Energy

Light as Energy

The energy required to carry out photosynthesis is light— typically electromagnetic radiation from the sun. The range of all possible wavelengths is known as the electromagnetic spectrum.
Photons
A photon is a discrete electromagnetic particle or bundle of energy. Photons are characterized by their frequency, wavelength, and amplitude, similar to the properties of a wave. Waves with higher frequencies transmit more energy and have shorter wavelengths than longer wavelengths that transmit...

Fixed Action Patterns

Fixed Action Patterns

A fixed action pattern (FAP) is a specific, hard-wired sequence of behaviors that occurs in response to an external stimulus, called a sign stimulus. The behavior is “fixed” because it is essentially unchangeable—proceeding similarly across individuals of a species every time it occurs.

Coping Strategies: Problem Focused

Coping Strategies: Problem Focused

Coping strategies are methods people use to manage, tolerate, or reduce the effects of stressors. These strategies involve both behavioral and psychological actions to handle stressful situations. One common approach is problem-focused coping, which aims to change or eliminate the source of stress rather than merely addressing its consequences. This method involves taking direct action to resolve the issue causing stress.
For example, consider a student who struggles to understand their...

Light Acquisition

Light Acquisition

In order to produce glucose, plants need to capture sufficient light energy. Many modern plants have evolved leaves specialized for light acquisition. Leaves can be only millimeters in width or tens of meters wide, depending on the environment. Due to competition for sunlight, evolution has driven the evolution of increasingly larger leaves and taller plants, to avoid shading by their neighbors with contaminant elaboration of root architecture and mechanisms to transport water and nutrients.

Patterns of Fever

Patterns of Fever

Before understanding the types and patterns of fever, it is essential to know its phases.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Multimodal characterization of variation in neuronal types in the mouse basal ganglia.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

Connecting single-cell transcriptomes to projectomes in the mouse visual cortex.

Nature·2026

Same author

Conserved Cell Type Signatures Across the Brainstem and Spinal Cord in the Mouse Central Nervous System.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Same author

A sensitive orange fluorescent calcium ion indicator for imaging neural activity.

Nature communications·2026

Same author

Brain-wide topographic coordination of rotating waves.

Science (New York, N.Y.)·2026

Same author

A red-emitting, genetically encoded indicator for two-photon voltage recording in vivo.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Mapping the Cellular Distribution of an Optogenetic Protein Using a Light-Stimulation Grid

Mapping the Cellular Distribution of an Optogenetic Protein Using a Light-Stimulation Grid

Published on: January 26, 2024

In Vivo Submillisecond Two-Photon Optogenetics with Temporally Focused Patterned Light.

I-Wen Chen^1,2, Emiliano Ronzitti^1,2, Brian R Lee³

¹Wavefront-Engineering Microscopy Group, Neurophotonics Laboratory, CNRS UMR8250, Paris Descartes University, Paris 75006, France.

The Journal of Neuroscience : the Official Journal of the Society for Neuroscience

|March 6, 2019

Summary

Researchers developed a new optogenetic method using two-photon holography for precise control of neuronal activity. This technique enables millisecond temporal resolution in controlling action potentials, advancing neuroscience research.

Keywords:

computer-generated holography in vivo two-photon optogenetics millisecond photoactivation mouse visual cortex temporal focusing

More Related Videos

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

Published on: January 15, 2015

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

Published on: February 13, 2021

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Mapping the Cellular Distribution of an Optogenetic Protein Using a Light-Stimulation Grid

Mapping the Cellular Distribution of an Optogenetic Protein Using a Light-Stimulation Grid

Published on: January 26, 2024

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

Published on: January 15, 2015

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

Transpupillary Two-Photon In Vivo Imaging of the Mouse Retina

Published on: February 13, 2021

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Optogenetics
Systems Neuroscience

Background:

Understanding neural circuit mechanisms requires precise control over neuronal activity.
Existing optogenetic tools often lack the temporal precision needed for detailed circuit analysis.

Purpose of the Study:

To demonstrate a method for temporally precise control of action-potential generation in individual neurons within ensembles.
To investigate the use of two-photon (2P) temporally focused computer-generated holography for neuronal excitation.

Main Methods:

Utilized 2P temporally focused computer-generated holography to control neuronal excitability in mouse visual cortex.
Employed whole-cell or cell-attached recordings in opsin-expressing neurons (ReaChR, CoChR, ChrimsonR).
Combined holographic excitation with electrophysiological recordings and calcium imaging (GCaMP6s).

Main Results:

Achieved millisecond temporal resolution and submillisecond precision in inducing spikes using brief illuminations (≤10 ms).
Spike precision was maintained during repetitive illuminations up to tens of hertz.
Identified factors affecting spatial selectivity of holographic activation, including illumination parameters and opsin properties.

Conclusions:

Parallel optical control of neuronal activity with cellular resolution and millisecond temporal precision is feasible.
This technique facilitates investigation of neuronal connections and microcircuit dynamics.
Opens new avenues for understanding circuit mechanisms underlying brain functions.