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Sometimes we want to see how people change over time, as in studies of human development and lifespan. When we test the same group of individuals repeatedly over an extended period of time, we are conducting longitudinal research. Longitudinal research is a research design in which data-gathering is administered repeatedly over an extended period of time. For example, we may survey a group of individuals about their dietary habits at age 20, retest them a decade later at age 30, and then again...
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Because the DNA segments are cut and reorganized in a direction-specific manner, site-specific recombination has emerged as an efficient genetic engineering technique. Flippase and Cyclization recombinases or Flp and Cre, respectively, are two members of the tyrosine recombinase family derived from bacteriophages, that are used to mediate site-specific DNA insertions, deletions, and targeted expression of proteins in mammalian cell lines.
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What is Variation?01:14

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Apart from the measures of central tendency, distribution, outliers, and the changing characteristics of data with time, an important characteristic of any data set is its variation or spread. In some data sets, the data values are concentrated closely near the mean; in others, the data values are more widely spread out from the mean.
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Variation01:19

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Longitudinal Studies01:26

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Change in atmospheric pressure with height is particularly interesting. The decrease in atmospheric pressure with increasing altitude is due to the decreasing gravitational force per unit area as we move away from the surface of the earth.
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Analyzing variations in changes over time: development of the Pattern-Oriented Longitudinal Analysis approach.

Åsa Kneck1, Åsa Audulv2

  • 1Department of Health Care Sciences, Ersta Sköndal Bräcke University College, Stockholm, Sweden.

Nursing Inquiry
|March 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Longitudinal qualitative research in nursing offers insights into illness, healthcare, and self-management. The Pattern-Oriented Longitudinal Analysis (POLA) approach helps describe complexity and variation in these changes over time.

Keywords:
data collection methodslongitudinalqualitative studiesresearch methodologytime

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Area of Science:

  • Nursing Research
  • Qualitative Methodology
  • Health Services Research

Background:

  • Longitudinal qualitative research in nursing is emerging.
  • Understanding processes, development, and change in illness experience, healthcare organizations, and self-management requires temporal data.
  • Existing methods may not fully capture the complexity of change over time.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a novel process for analyzing qualitative longitudinal data: the Pattern-Oriented Longitudinal Analysis (POLA) approach.
  • To describe the ontological and epistemological assumptions underpinning POLA.
  • To highlight the utility of POLA for understanding change in nursing contexts.

Main Methods:

  • Developed the Pattern-Oriented Longitudinal Analysis (POLA) approach by synthesizing experiences from two longitudinal qualitative nursing projects.
  • Compared developed procedures with relevant literature on qualitative longitudinal data analysis.
  • Emphasized visualization and identification of change at individual and group levels.

Main Results:

  • The POLA approach enables the description of complexity and variation in changes over time.
  • POLA facilitates the visualization and identification of temporal changes in qualitative data.
  • The approach is grounded in specific ontological and epistemological assumptions.

Conclusions:

  • The Pattern-Oriented Longitudinal Analysis (POLA) approach enhances the description of complexity and diversity in processes over time within nursing.
  • POLA contributes to the development of nursing knowledge by providing a method to understand change.
  • This approach can be adapted by researchers studying variance or contextual features in longitudinal qualitative data.