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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Scanning Electron Microscopic Evaluation of Surface Defects of Remover Retreatment File After Single and Multiple Uses
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Smear layer removal efficiency using apple vinegar: An in vitro scanning electron microscope study.

Amro Mohammed Moness Ali1,2, Wolfgang Hm Raab2

  • 1Faculty of Dentistry, Minia University, El Minya, Egypt.

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|March 6, 2019
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Apple vinegar effectively removes smear layer in the apical third of root canals. Diluted apple vinegar shows comparable results to conventional irrigants in coronal and middle sections, suggesting potential use after further investigation.

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Area of Science:

  • Endodontics
  • Dental Materials Science
  • Biomaterials

Background:

  • Smear layer removal is crucial for effective root canal treatment.
  • Conventional irrigants like sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) are commonly used.
  • Exploring natural alternatives like apple vinegar for endodontic irrigation is of interest.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate and compare the smear layer removal efficacy of two different concentrations of apple vinegar.
  • To assess apple vinegar as a potential root canal irrigant.

Main Methods:

  • 48 human teeth were prepared using a nickel-titanium rotary system.
  • Teeth were irrigated with distilled water (negative control), 2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA (positive control), 5% apple vinegar, or diluted apple vinegar.
  • Smear layer removal was assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) on coronal, middle, and apical thirds.

Main Results:

  • 5% apple vinegar demonstrated significantly higher smear layer removal in the apical third (P<0.001).
  • Diluted apple vinegar showed comparable efficacy to 5% apple vinegar and conventional irrigants (2.5% NaOCl and 17% EDTA) in the coronal and middle thirds (P<0.05).

Conclusions:

  • 5% apple vinegar is highly effective for smear layer removal in the apical root canal third.
  • Diluted apple vinegar presents comparable results to standard irrigants in coronal and middle thirds.
  • Diluted apple vinegar may be a viable irrigant option pending further research on its antimicrobial properties and sealing ability.