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Related Concept Videos

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Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed...
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Protons and neutrons, collectively called nucleons, are packed together tightly in a nucleus. With a radius of about 10−15 meters, a nucleus is quite small compared to the radius of the entire atom, which is about 10−10 meters. Nuclei are extremely dense compared to bulk matter, averaging 1.8 × 1014 grams per cubic centimeter. If the earth’s density were equal to the average nuclear density, the earth’s radius would be only about 200 meters.
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The process of converting very light nuclei into heavier nuclei is also accompanied by the conversion of mass into large amounts of energy, a process called fusion. The principal source of energy in the sun is a net fusion reaction in which four hydrogen nuclei fuse and ultimately produce one helium nucleus and two positrons.
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Most DNA resides in the nucleus of a cell. However, some organelles in the cell cytoplasm⁠—such as chloroplasts and mitochondria⁠—also have their own DNA. These organelles replicate their DNA independently of the nuclear DNA of the cell in which they reside. Non-nuclear inheritance describes the inheritance of genes from structures other than the nucleus.
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Before mRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm, it is crucial to check each mRNA for structural and functional integrity. Eukaryotic cells use several different mechanisms, collectively known as mRNA surveillance, to look for irregularities in mRNAs. Irregular or aberrant mRNA are rapidly degraded by various enzymes. If a defective mRNA escapes the surveillance, it would be translated into a protein which would either be non-functional or not function properly. One of the primary irregularities in...
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Controlled nuclear fission reactions are used to generate electricity. Any nuclear reactor that produces power via the fission of uranium or plutonium by bombardment with neutrons has six components: nuclear fuel consisting of fissionable material, a nuclear moderator, a neutron source, control rods, reactor coolant, and a shield and containment system.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Rapid Screening of HIV Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors
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Identifying a nuclear passport for HIV.

Lorena Zuliani-Alvarez1, Greg J Towers1

  • 1Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom.

Elife
|March 6, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Researchers identified a protein crucial for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) nuclear import. This discovery clarifies a vital mechanism in the HIV infection process.

Keywords:
CPSF6Human immunodeficiency viruscapsidcell biologyhumaninfectious diseasemacrophagesmicrobiologynuclear importnuclear pore complexvirus

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Virology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection involves complex cellular processes.
  • Understanding viral entry mechanisms is key to developing antiviral strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To identify the specific protein responsible for facilitating HIV nuclear transport.
  • To elucidate the molecular mechanism by which HIV gains access to the host cell nucleus.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized advanced microscopy techniques.
  • Employed biochemical assays to study protein-DNA interactions.
  • Performed genetic manipulation of host cell proteins.

Main Results:

  • A novel protein was identified that binds to HIV components.
  • This protein was shown to actively transport viral complexes into the nucleus.
  • Disruption of this protein's function significantly inhibited viral replication.

Conclusions:

  • The identified protein plays a critical role in the early stages of HIV infection.
  • Targeting this protein could offer a new therapeutic approach against HIV.