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    The brain combines thermal and tactile senses, creating a thermal referral illusion. Prolonged exposure adapts the brain to actual temperatures, not the perceived uniform warmth.

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    Area of Science:

    • Neuroscience
    • Sensory Perception
    • Human-Computer Interaction

    Background:

    • Object perception relies on integrating multisensory information.
    • Thermal referral (TR) is an illusion where perceived temperature deviates from physical reality due to thermal-tactile interactions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate thermal-tactile interactions in object temperature perception using the thermal referral illusion.
    • To understand how the brain processes simultaneous thermal and tactile inputs.

    Main Methods:

    • Utilized the thermal referral illusion with warmth stimulation on three fingers.
    • Analyzed thermal sensation across tactile locations and adaptation effects.

    Main Results:

    • Thermal referral is explained by precision-weighted averaging of thermal sensations across different tactile locations.
    • Prolonged TR stimulation leads to adaptation to actual local temperatures, not the perceived uniform temperature.

    Conclusions:

    • The brain exhibits flexible processing in thermal-tactile interactions.
    • Findings provide insights for designing effective thermal display technologies.