Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Intellectual Disability

Intellectual Disability

Intellectual disability (ID) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by deficits in intellectual and adaptive functioning that manifest during the developmental period. This condition encompasses challenges in reasoning, memory, problem-solving, and learning, accompanied by impairments in everyday life skills, such as communication, self-care, and social interactions. Intellectual disability affects approximately 1% of the population in the United States, impacting an estimated 5...

Routes of Persuasion

Routes of Persuasion

Persuasion is the process of changing our attitude toward something based on some kind of communication. Much of the persuasion we experience comes from outside forces. How do people convince others to change their attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors? What communications do you receive that attempt to persuade you to change your attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors?

Learning Disabilities

Learning Disabilities

Learning disabilities are cognitive disorders caused by neurological impairments that affect cognitive functions like language and reading, without indicating overall intellectual or developmental challenges. These disabilities differ from global intellectual or developmental disabilities as they are limited to distinct cognitive functions. Common learning disabilities include dysgraphia, dyslexia, and dyscalculia, each of which impacts unique aspects of learning.
Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a...

Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description

Pleural Disorders: Types and Brief Description

The pleura is a vital part of the respiratory system. It's a double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs and lining the chest cavity. The two layers of the pleura are:

Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions

Eulerian and Lagrangian Flow Descriptions

Fluid flow analysis is critical in many scientific and engineering disciplines, and two principal approaches are used to describe this flow: the Eulerian and Lagrangian methods. These methods offer different perspectives on monitoring and analyzing the motion of fluids, each with distinct advantages depending on the scenario.
The Eulerian method focuses on fixed points in space where fluid properties, such as velocity, pressure, and temperature, are observed as the fluid moves between these...

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

Drug Delivery: Enteral Route

The enteral drug administration involves three primary routes: oral, sublingual, and buccal. Oral ingestion is the most prevalent, safe, economical, and convenient method for drug administration. However, it has certain drawbacks, including limited absorption due to the drug's low water solubility or poor membrane permeability, possible emesis from GI mucosa irritation, destruction of drugs by digestive enzymes or low gastric pH, and irregular absorption along with food or other drugs.

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Superior perceptual capacity is specific to autistic cognition.

Acta psychologica·2026

Same author

Motor Characteristics of Early Walking in Children With Williams Syndrome.

Perceptual and motor skills·2026

Same author

Examining associations between foundational and complex mathematics skills in people with Down syndrome and typically developing children.

The British journal of developmental psychology·2026

Same author

The developmental changes in emotion recognition from human biological motion by children aged from 4 to 12 years.

Emotion (Washington, D.C.)·2026

Same author

Developmental changes in emotion recognition from human biological motion in children with intellectual developmental disorders and typically developing peers.

Journal of experimental child psychology·2025

Same author

SEE+ computerized classroom-based training enhances 7- to 10-year-olds' socio-emotional cognition through observation and inference.

PloS one·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Published on: September 16, 2015

Description of Routes in People With Intellectual Disability.

Yannick Courbois¹, Hursula Mengue-Topio¹, Mark Blades¹

¹Yannick Courbois and Hursula Mengue-Topio, Université de Lille, France; Mark Blades, The University of Sheffield, UK; Emily K Farran, University of Surrey, UK; and Pascal Sockeel, Université de Lille, France.

American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities

|March 6, 2019

Summary

Participants with intellectual disability (ID) described routes using actions, but demonstrated strong landmark knowledge. This highlights differences in spatial description strategies compared to typically developing peers.

More Related Videos

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Published on: May 31, 2021

Assessment and Communication for People with Disorders of Consciousness

Assessment and Communication for People with Disorders of Consciousness

Published on: August 1, 2017

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Experimental Research Examining How People Can Cope with Uncertainty Through Soft Haptic Sensations

Published on: September 16, 2015

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Validation of a Psychosocial Intervention on Body Image in Older People: An Experimental Design

Published on: May 31, 2021

Assessment and Communication for People with Disorders of Consciousness

Assessment and Communication for People with Disorders of Consciousness

Published on: August 1, 2017

Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Neurodevelopmental Disorders
Spatial Cognition

Background:

Understanding spatial cognition in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) is crucial for developing targeted support strategies.
Previous research has explored various cognitive abilities in ID, but route description and spatial knowledge externalization require further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare route description abilities in individuals with intellectual disability (ID) versus typically developing peers.
To investigate how spatial knowledge is externalized through verbal descriptions, landmark recognition, and map completion tasks in ID.

Main Methods:

Two experiments involved participants learning a route in a virtual environment.
Participants with ID and typically developing controls (matched on chronological age or mental age) completed verbal description, landmark recognition, and map completion tasks.
Route learning was assessed until a learning criterion was met.

Main Results:

Participants with ID primarily used action-based descriptions (e.g., "turn left").
Typically developing participants (chronological age-matched) used more landmark-based descriptions (e.g., "turn left at the swing").
Despite differences in verbalization, individuals with ID showed proficient landmark knowledge.

Conclusions:

Individuals with ID may rely on action-based strategies for route description, differing from landmark-based strategies of typically developing peers.
Proficient landmark knowledge in individuals with ID suggests intact foundational spatial memory, despite distinct verbalization patterns.
Findings underscore the importance of assessing multiple facets of spatial cognition to understand cognitive profiles in intellectual disability.