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Workdays and non-workdays show similar levels of positive emotions. However, negative emotions are slightly higher during work, with real-time assessments offering a more favorable view of the work experience.

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Organizational Behavior
  • Affective Science

Background:

  • The emotional experience of work versus non-work remains unclear, despite extensive time spent working.
  • Existing research presents conflicting views, with some suggesting work is aversive (work stress) and others portraying it as beneficial or an escape.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantitatively review studies assessing affect on working days versus non-working days.
  • To clarify the subjective emotional experience associated with work compared to non-work domains.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted a meta-analysis of 59 primary studies that measured affect on working days.
  • Analyzed data using within-day comparisons of positive affect (PA) and negative affect (NA).
  • Performed moderator analyses to investigate factors influencing affect, including measurement methods (real-time vs. Day Reconstruction Method).

Main Results:

  • No significant difference in positive affect (PA) was found between work and non-work domains.
  • Negative affect (NA) was slightly higher during work (0.22 SD), comparable to differences between leisure activities.
  • Real-time measurements (e.g., Experience Sampling Methodology) indicated higher PA and lower NA at work compared to recall methods (Day Reconstruction Method).
  • Age and time of day for non-work measurements moderated PA levels.

Conclusions:

  • The overall emotional experience of work is not significantly different in terms of positive affect compared to non-work.
  • Negative affect is marginally higher at work, but the difference is small.
  • Measurement methodology significantly influences the perceived emotional experience of work, with real-time methods yielding a more positive outlook.