Long noncoding RNAs biomarker-based cancer assessment

Cancer diagnosis have mainly relied on the incorporation of molecular biomarkers as part of routine diagnostic tool. The molecular alteration ranges from those involving DNA, RNA, noncoding RNAs (microRNAs and long noncoding RNAs [lncRNAs]) and proteins. lncRNAs are recently discovered noncoding endogenous RNAs that critically regulates the development, invasion, and metastasis of cancer cells. They are dysregulated in different types of malignancies and have the potential to serve as diagnostic markers for cancer. The expression of noncoding RNAs is altered following many diseases, and besides, some of them can be secreted from the cells into the circulation following the apoptotic and necrotic cell death. These secreted noncoding RNAs are known as cell free RNA. These RNAs can be secreted from the cell through the apoptotic body, extracellular vesicles including microvesicle and exosome, and bind to proteins. Since, lncRNAs display high organ and cell specificity, can be found in the blood, urine, tumor tissue, or other tissues or bodily fluids of some patients with cancer, this review summarizes the most significant and up-to-date findings of research on lncRNAs involvement in different cancers, focusing on the potential of cancer-related lncRNAs as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy.