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Related Concept Videos

Phase Diagrams02:39

Phase Diagrams

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A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...
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Whether solid, liquid, or gas, a substance's state depends on the order and arrangement of its particles (atoms, molecules, or ions). Particles in the solid pack closely together, generally in a pattern. The particles vibrate about their fixed positions but do not move or squeeze past their neighbors. In liquids, although the particles are closely spaced, they are randomly arranged. The position of the particles are not fixed—that is, they are free to move past their neighbors to...
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Inductance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:28

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Understanding the inductance of transmission lines is crucial for efficient design and operation in electrical power systems. This discussion delves into the inductance characteristics of single-phase two-wire and three-phase three-wire transmission lines with equal phase spacing.
Single-Phase Two-Wire Line:
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Capacitance: Single-Phase And Three-Phase Line01:25

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In electrical power systems, understanding the capacitance of transmission lines is fundamental for efficient operation.
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Phase Changes01:19

Phase Changes

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Phase transitions play an important theoretical and practical role in the study of heat flow. In melting or fusion, a solid turns into a liquid; the opposite process is freezing. In evaporation, a liquid turns into a gas; the opposite process is condensation.
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Understanding the working function of different types of controllers can be illustrated with practical analogies, such as adjusting a stereo's volume equalizer. Cranking up the bass involves a phase-lead controller, which functions as a high-pass filter, while increasing the treble uses a phase-lag controller, which acts as a low-pass filter. PD controllers, similar to high-pass filters, enhance the system's response to high-frequency components. PI controllers, akin to low-pass...
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Phase Contrast and Differential Interference Contrast DIC Microscopy
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Geometric-Phase Microscopy for Quantitative Phase Imaging of Isotropic, Birefringent and Space-Variant Polarization

Petr Bouchal1,2, Lenka Štrbková3, Zbyněk Dostál4,3

  • 1Institute of Physical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Technická 2, 616 69, Brno, Czech Republic. petr.bouchal@vutbr.ceitec.cz.

Scientific Reports
|March 7, 2019
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Summary

We developed geometric-phase microscopy for precise quantitative phase imaging. This technique accurately restores phase information from various samples, including biological cells and liquid crystals.

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Area of Science:

  • Optics and Photonics
  • Biophotonics
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Quantitative phase imaging (QPI) is crucial for label-free biological imaging.
  • Traditional QPI methods often struggle with accuracy and stability.
  • Restoring ground-truth phase information is essential for reliable measurements.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a multipurpose quantitative phase imaging technique using geometric-phase microscopy.
  • To achieve high-accuracy phase restoration for diverse sample types.
  • To enable advanced biophotonic imaging and materials characterization.

Main Methods:

  • Utilizing broadband spatially incoherent light with polarization control via geometric (Pancharatnam-Berry) phase.
  • Employing self-interference of polarization-distinguished waves for phase restoration in a common-path setup.
  • Quantifying phase retardance to distinguish between dynamic and geometric phase contributions.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated instantaneous (single-shot) phase restoration with sub-nanometer precision and <5 nm accuracy.
  • Successfully performed non-invasive biophotonic imaging, measuring cell dry mass density and enabling cell classification.
  • Visualized dynamic dry mass changes and characterized electrically induced birefringence in liquid crystals.

Conclusions:

  • Geometric-phase microscopy offers a versatile and accurate platform for quantitative phase imaging.
  • The method's high precision and stability are suitable for advanced applications in biology and materials science.
  • The technique is compatible with automated systems and machine learning for data analysis.