New frontiers for management of hyperkalaemia: the emergence of novel agents

Hyperkalaemia is a common electrolyte abnormality, associated with higher risk of morbid events, and increasing in prevalence-in part, due to increasing rates of comorbidities such as heart failure, chronic kidney disease, diabetes mellitus, and the use of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system inhibitors (RAASi). In spite of this growing problem, the existing treatments for chronic hyperkalaemia have been limited, and are typically confined to dietary potassium restrictions and cessation or modification of RAASi, with latter option being potentially problematic given the known morbidity and mortality benefit of RAASi therapy in certain disease states, such as heart failure. The use of sodium polystyrene sulfonate (SPS/Kayexelate) for chronic hyperkalaemia has been low, due to poor tolerability, potential gastrointestinal safety concerns, and remaining uncertainty in regards to its efficacy. Given the shortcomings of existing therapies, novel treatments are clearly needed. There are now two novel treatment options, patiromer and sodium zirconium cyclosilicate (SZC), both approved by the FDA and EMA for treatment of chronic hyperkalaemia. These novel compounds have been demonstrated in multiple studies to be efficacious in achieving and maintaining normal serum potassium levels, over an extended time period, in patients with hyperkalaemia; and appear to be relatively safe and well-tolerated. Whether the correction of hyperkalaemia with these agents will allow optimization of RAASi, which could theoretically lead to improvement in clinical outcomes, especially in patients with heart failure, remains to be determined. Several clinical trials are ongoing to address these important knowledge gaps.