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Certain biochemical processes, such as embryonic development and cell growth regulation, depend on the repression of specific genes. DNA binding proteins known as eukaryotic transcription inhibitors regulate the repression of gene expression in eukaryotes. The presence of these inhibitors at the required location and time in the cell is triggered by the presence of hormones and additional signals from other cells.
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Natural selection is an evolutionary process in which individuals with survival-promoting traits reproduce at higher rates. These favorable traits become more common within a population or species. Naturally selected traits initially arise via random genetic mutations. In order for selection to occur, there must be variation within a population, the trait controlling the variation must be heritable, and there must be an evolutionary advantage for variation in the trait.
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When the fitness of a trait is influenced by how common it is (i.e., its frequency) relative to different traits within a population, this is referred to as frequency-dependent selection. Frequency-dependent selection may occur between species or within a single species. This type of selection can either be positive—with more common phenotypes having higher fitness—or negative, with rarer phenotypes conferring increased fitness.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 28, 2026

Two-photon Imaging of Microglial Processes' Attraction Toward ATP or Serotonin in Acute Brain Slices
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Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.

Dee Lochmann1, Tara Richardson2

  • 1Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas School of Medicine-Wichita, Wichita, KS, USA. dlochmann@kumc.edu.

Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology
|March 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) represent a rationally designed class of antidepressants. This chapter details their pharmacokinetics, CYP450 enzyme interactions, safety, clinical uses, and dosing.

Keywords:
CitalopramEscitalopramFluoxetineFluvoxamineParoxetineRational drug developmentSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitorsSertralineSide effectsTolerabilityVilazodoneVortioxetine

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Area of Science:

  • Pharmacology
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychiatry

Background:

  • Early antidepressants were discovered serendipitously, suggesting serotonin's role in mood.
  • Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) were the first psychotropic medications designed with a specific mechanism of action.
  • SSRIs were developed to be safer and more tolerable than earlier antidepressants.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs).
  • To detail the pharmacokinetic differences and Cytochrome P450 enzyme interactions among SSRIs.
  • To discuss the safety, clinical indications, and dosing recommendations for SSRIs.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on SSRI pharmacology and clinical use.
  • Comparative analysis of pharmacokinetic profiles of various SSRIs.
  • Examination of SSRI interactions with CYP450 enzyme systems.

Main Results:

  • SSRIs exhibit distinct pharmacokinetic properties and varying effects on CYP450 enzymes.
  • Understanding these differences is crucial for optimizing SSRI therapy.
  • SSRIs are generally safer and better tolerated than older antidepressant classes.

Conclusions:

  • SSRIs are a cornerstone of modern antidepressant pharmacotherapy.
  • Individual SSRI selection requires consideration of pharmacokinetics and drug interactions.
  • This chapter serves as a guide to SSRI safety, efficacy, and appropriate use.