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Electrical current is defined as the rate at which charge flows. When there is a large current present, such as that used to run a refrigerator, a large amount of charge moves through the wire in a small amount of time. If the current is small, such as that used to operate a handheld calculator, a small amount of charge moves through the circuit over a long period of time. The SI unit for current is the ampere (A), named for the French physicist André-Marie Ampère (1775–1836).
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Are current EU policies on GMOs justified?

Andreas T Christiansen1, Martin Marchman Andersen2, Klemens Kappel3

  • 1Department of Media, Cognition and Communication, University of Copenhagen, Karen Blixens Plads 8, Bygning 14.2.07, 2300, Copenhagen, Denmark. christiansen@hum.ku.dk.

Transgenic Research
|March 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

New European Union regulations classify novel crop development techniques as genetically modified organisms (GMOs). This study critically evaluates GMO regulations, finding that while risk arguments may justify some authorization schemes, bans and mandatory labeling lack philosophical backing.

Keywords:
AuthorizationGMOLabellingNaturalOpt-outOrganicPolicyRisk

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Area of Science:

  • Agricultural Law
  • Bioethics
  • Political Philosophy

Background:

  • The European Court of Justice's ruling reclassifies new crop development techniques under EU genetically modified organism (GMO) regulations.
  • This necessitates a critical examination of existing GMO regulatory frameworks and their philosophical underpinnings.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To analyze EU GMO regulations through the lens of moral and political philosophy.
  • To assess the justification for current policies, including pre-release authorization, mandatory labeling, and de facto bans.

Main Methods:

  • Philosophical analysis of regulatory justifications.
  • Evaluation of arguments related to risk, naturalness, agricultural policy, socio-economic effects, and consumer choice.

Main Results:

  • Risk-based arguments may support some form of pre-release authorization, but not necessarily the current EU model.
  • Arguments concerning naturalness, agricultural policy, socio-economic impacts, or consumer rights do not adequately justify mandatory labeling or de facto bans.

Conclusions:

  • Existing EU GMO regulations require critical philosophical re-evaluation.
  • Current policies on mandatory labeling and de facto bans appear inadequately justified based on common ethical and practical considerations.