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Related Concept Videos

Epilepsy and Seizures: Overview01:24

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Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disease marked by recurrent, unpredictable seizures. These seizures are caused by abnormal electrical discharges in the brain, leading to behavior, sensation, or consciousness alterations. They can also cause transient impairment of awareness, interfering with daily activities.
Various factors can trigger epilepsy, including genetic factors, brain damage, metabolic causes, and unknown etiology. Diagnosis of epilepsy involves electroencephalography (EEG), which...
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The Insula and Its Epilepsies.

Barbara C Jobst1, Jorge Gonzalez-Martinez2, Jean Isnard3

  • 11 Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH, USA.

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|March 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Insular seizures mimic other brain seizures and can be challenging to diagnose. Advanced imaging and intracranial EEG are crucial for pinpointing their origin and guiding treatment for insular epilepsy.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Epileptology
  • Clinical Neurology

Background:

  • Insular seizures are challenging due to the insula's deep location and high connectivity.
  • Seizure semiology varies based on propagation patterns, mimicking seizures from other brain regions.
  • Scalp electroencephalogram (EEG) findings can be misleading for insular epilepsy diagnosis.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the diagnostic challenges of insular seizures.
  • To review current and emerging diagnostic and treatment modalities for insular epilepsy.
  • To emphasize the importance of understanding insular functional organization.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on insular epilepsy diagnosis and treatment.
  • Discussion of neuroimaging techniques (MRI, PET, SPECT, MEG) and electrophysiological studies (EEG, stereo-EEG).
  • Analysis of semiology and functional mapping through electrical stimulation.

Main Results:

  • Insular seizures often require advanced imaging and intracranial EEG for accurate localization.
  • Seizure onset can be subtle and easily missed without extensive insular sampling.
  • Understanding insular functional organization aids in interpreting seizure semiology.

Conclusions:

  • Accurate diagnosis of insular epilepsy necessitates comprehensive evaluation, including advanced neuroimaging and potentially invasive EEG.
  • Surgical treatment is effective but requires careful planning; neurostimulation is an emerging option.
  • Further research is needed on the insula's role in sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP).