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Related Concept Videos

Spin–Spin Coupling: One-Bond Coupling01:17

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Coupling interactions are strongest between NMR-active nuclei bonded to each other, where spin information can be transmitted directly through the pair of bonding electrons. While nuclei polarize their electrons to the opposite spins, the bonding electron pair has opposite spins. Configurations with antiparallel nuclear spins are expected to be lower in energy. When coupling makes antiparallel states more favorable, J is considered to have a positive value. The one-bond coupling constant, 1J,...
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Two-Bond Coupling (Geminal Coupling)01:20

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Two NMR-active nuclei bonded to a central atom can be involved in geminal or two-bond coupling. Geminal coupling is commonly seen between diastereotopic protons in chiral molecules and unsymmetrical alkenes, among others.
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Spin–Spin Coupling: Three-Bond Coupling (Vicinal Coupling)01:22

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Vicinal or three-bond coupling is commonly observed between protons attached to adjacent carbons. Here, nuclear spin information is primarily transferred via electron spin interactions between adjacent C‑H bond orbitals. This generally favors the antiparallel arrangement of spins, so 3J values are usually positive.
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The spin state of an NMR-active nucleus can have a slight effect on its immediate electronic environment. This effect propagates through the intervening bonds and affects the electronic environments of NMR-active nuclei up to three bonds away; occasionally, even farther. This phenomenon is called spin–spin coupling or J-coupling. Coupling interactions are mutual and result in small changes in the absorption frequencies of both nuclei involved. While nuclei of the same element are involved...
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In bromoethane, the three methyl protons are coupled to the two methylene protons that are three bonds away. In accordance with the n+1 rule, the signal from the methyl protons is split into three peaks with 1:2:1 relative intensities. The methylene protons appear as a quartet, with the relative intensities of 1:3:3:1.
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Electron Orbital Model01:18

Electron Orbital Model

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Orbitals are the areas outside of the atomic nucleus where electrons are most likely to reside. They are characterized by different energy levels, shapes, and three-dimensional orientations. The location of electrons is described most generally by a shell or principal energy level, then by a subshell within each shell, and finally, by individual orbitals found within the subshells.
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Molecular Entanglement and Electrospinnability of Biopolymers
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Entanglement beating in free space through spin-orbit coupling.

Eileen Otte1, Carmelo Rosales-Guzmán2, Bienvenu Ndagano2

  • 1Institute of Applied Physics, University of Muenster, Muenster D-48149, Germany.

Light, Science & Applications
|March 7, 2019
PubMed
Summary

Classical entanglement, unlike quantum entanglement, can change during propagation. Researchers demonstrated that classically entangled vector vortex beams oscillate between entangled and product states, revealing novel spin-orbit interactions.

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classical entanglementcomplex light fieldsentanglement oscillationspin–orbit coupling

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum optics
  • Classical and quantum entanglement dynamics
  • Photonics and beam propagation

Background:

  • Quantum state entanglement is invariant under local unitary transformations, including during free-space propagation.
  • This invariance is a fundamental principle, exemplified by the stable entanglement of a photon's internal degrees of freedom.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate scenarios where the invariance of entanglement under propagation does not hold.
  • To demonstrate and explain the dynamic evolution of classical entanglement during propagation.

Main Methods:

  • Engineering local Bell states from classical vector vortex beams with non-separable degrees of freedom.
  • Analyzing the propagation dynamics of these classically entangled states.
  • Experimental confirmation of the predicted propagation behavior and spin-orbit coupling in paraxial beams.

Main Results:

  • Demonstrated that classical entanglement evolves during propagation, oscillating between maximally entangled (vector) and product (scalar) states.
  • Identified the underlying spin-orbit interaction responsible for these novel dynamics.
  • Experimentally confirmed the dynamic evolution and spin-orbit coupling in paraxial beams.

Conclusions:

  • Classical entanglement exhibits a previously unnoticed property of dynamic evolution during propagation.
  • This finding opens possibilities for on-demand delivery of vector states for applications like laser materials processing and STED microscopy.
  • The study introduces a novel tractor beam for entanglement and highlights new spin-orbit coupling phenomena.