Characterization and phylogeny of bitter taste receptor genes (Tas2r) in Squamata

The perception of bitter taste is linked to the detection of toxins. Therefore, it facilitates avoiding the consumption of potential toxins in the diet. At the molecular level, bitter taste is mediated by taste 2 receptors (Tas2rs). Studies on Tas2r have made major advances in recent years. However, little is known about Tas2rs in Squamata, the second largest order of extant vertebrates. To explore the repertoire and phylogenetic relationships among Tas2r genes in Squamata, we identified and characterized Tas2rs from genome assemblies of 15 Squamata species. We observed considerable Tas2r contraction and expansion in the suborders Serpentes and Lacertilia, respectively. Phylogenetic and reconciliation analysis suggested that lineage-specific gene gains and losses could have led to the Tas2r contraction and expansion in Squamata. Different Tas2r repertoires in Serpents and Lacertilia also reflect their oral anatomical features and taste behaviors. Our findings offer novel perspectives into the study of taste and dietary protection in Squamata species.